Dealing with social exclusion

Timeo, Susanna; Riva, P; Paladino, Maria Paola

doi:10.4324/9781351255912-5

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…As research on ostracism has mainly focused on the target’s perspective, most attention has been given to the question of how to improve and assist target recovery following ostracism (e.g., Hales, Wesselmann, & Williams, 2016; Rudert, Hales, et al, 2017; see Timeo, Riva, & Paladino, 2019 for an overview). Here, we focus on a different perspective, namely reasons that motivate the sources to ostracize a person, such as the target being disagreeable or careless and thus being perceived as a bad exchange partner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who gets ostracized? A personality perspective on risk and protective factors of ostracism.

Rudert¹,

Keller

Hales

et al. 2020

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Ostracism, excluding and ignoring others, results from a variety of factors. Here, we investigate the effect of personality on the likelihood of becoming a target of ostracism. Theorizing that individuals low in conscientiousness or agreeableness are at risk of getting ostracized, we tested our hypotheses within five pre-registered studies: Four experiments investigating participants' willingness to ostracize targets characterized by different personality traits and a reverse correlation face modelling study where we determined and subsequently validated the stereotypical face of an ostracized person. A survey study within a representative German data panel further corroborated our findings. In line with our hypotheses, persons low in conscientiousness or agreeableness provoke more ostracism intentions (Studies 1, 2, and 4), are more likely to be actually ostracized by others (Study 3), represent the stereotype of an "ostracizable" person (Study 5), and report experiencing more ostracism (Study 6). Effects remained stable even after controlling for likeability of the target (Study 2 and 4). Moreover, being described as negative on one personality dimension could not be compensated by being described as positive on the other (Study 4). In exploratory analyses, we further investigated the effects of openness to experience, neuroticism and extraversion. In sum, we find evidence that personality affects the likelihood of becoming a target of ostracism, and that especially low agreeableness and conscientiousness represent risk factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who gets ostracized? A personality perspective on risk and protective factors of ostracism.

Rudert¹,

Keller

Hales

et al. 2020

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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“…On the other hand, being repeatedly ostracized over one’s lifetime might push individuals into vicious circles of experiencing rejection and showing maladaptive responses such as dysfunctional social behavior. This might in turn result in more ostracism from others, as has been shown in research on rejection sensitivity (Downey et al, 1998) as well as disagreeableness (e.g., Hales, Kassner, Williams, & Graziano, 2016; for an overview see, e.g., Smart Richman & Leary, 2009; Timeo, Riva, & Paladino, 2019; Williams, 2009). From this perspective, one can derive the prediction that ostracism might be related more strongly with life satisfaction and social behavior in older than in younger age.…”

Section: Associations Between Ostracism and Psychological Functioning...mentioning

confidence: 95%

The experience of ostracism over the adult life span.

Rudert

Janke²,

Greifeneder

2020

Developmental Psychology

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Ostracism, that is, being excluded and ignored by others, is a highly painful and threatening experience for individuals. Most empirical research on ostracism has been carried out in the lab or focused on samples in specific contexts. Here, we investigate the effects of age on how individuals experience ostracism within a broad, representative sample of the adult German population (the Socio-Economic Panel). We find a generally negative relation between ostracism and age, such that older adults report experiencing ostracism less frequently.Further analyses show that a particular dip in the ostracism frequency curve around the age of 65 might be at least partly due to leaving the workforce. We further investigate crosssectional as well as longitudinal effects of age on relations between ostracism frequency and psychological well-being, showing relatively stable associations between ostracism and negative emotions, reduced life satisfaction, as well as dysfunctional social behavior across the adult life span.

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“…Such coping strategies may include changing one’s perspective by distracting oneself or reappraising the experience (e.g., Hales, Wesselmann, et al, 2016 ; Sethi et al, 2013 ). Other coping strategies may aim at restoring the threatened psychological needs, for instance, by reminders of belonging or by reminders of control (e.g., Timeo et al, 2019 ; Twenge et al, 2007 ; Zhou et al, 2009 ). Taken together, these findings suggest that chronically excluded people could become hyposensitive to protect themselves or because they develop successful coping strategies.…”

Section: Do Individuals Show Hyposensitivity or Hypersensitivity To C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Study 2 further extends Study 1 by considering whether real-life chronic exclusion experiences moderate the reflexive (i.e., immediate) and the reflective (i.e., short-term) responses to exclusion versus inclusion. We can thus investigate whether chronic exclusion impacts the recovery following exclusion, since coping mechanisms and attribution strategies occur primarily during the reflective stage (e.g., Timeo et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

It will (never) stop hurting: Do repeated or chronic experiences of exclusion lead to hyper- or hyposensitive psychological responses?

Büttner

Jauch

Marinucci

et al. 2023

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

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Unlike one-time lab manipulations of exclusion, in real life, many people experience exclusion, from others and from groups, over extended periods, raising the question of whether individuals could, over time, develop hypo- or hypersensitive responses to chronic exclusion. In Study 1, we subjected participants to repeated experiences of inclusion or exclusion (three Cyberball games, time lag of three days, N = 194; 659 observations). We find that repeatedly excluded individuals become hypersensitive to inclusion, but not to exclusion. Study 2 ( N = 183) tested whether individuals with chronic experiences of real-world exclusion show hypo- or hypersensitive responses to a novel episode of exclusion. In line with Study 1, exclusion hurt to the same extent regardless of baseline levels of chronic exclusion in daily life. However, chronically excluded individuals show more psychological distress in general. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for dealing with chronically excluded individuals and groups.

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Dealing with social exclusion

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Who gets ostracized? A personality perspective on risk and protective factors of ostracism.

Who gets ostracized? A personality perspective on risk and protective factors of ostracism.

The experience of ostracism over the adult life span.

It will (never) stop hurting: Do repeated or chronic experiences of exclusion lead to hyper- or hyposensitive psychological responses?

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