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Emerging empirical evidence indicates that discrete emotions are associated with teaching practices and professional experiences of university instructors. However, further investigations are necessary given that university instructors often face high job demands and compromised well-being. Achievement goals, which frame achievementrelated thoughts and actions, have been found to describe motivational differences in university instructors and are hypothesized to be associated with their discrete emotions. Moreover, as variation exists in how university instructors respond to job demands regarding their emotional experiences, certain goals may moderate this relationship on the basis of framing different interpretations and reactions to stressors. To investigate these links, 439 instructors (46.7% female) from German and Austrian universities completed a survey assessing their achievement goals, discrete emotions (enjoyment, pride, anger, anxiety, shame, and boredom), and job demands. As hypothesized, multiple regression analyses revealed that achievement goals were differentially and meaningfully associated with discrete emotions. Specifically, learning approach goals were positively related to enjoyment and negatively related to anger and boredom, while learning avoidance goals were positively related to anger. Performance (appearance) approach goals were positively related to pride, and performance (appearance) avoidance goals were positively related to anxiety and shame. Lastly, relational goals were positively related to shame and boredom, and work avoidance goals were negatively related to enjoyment and positively related to shame and boredom. Conclusive moderation effects on the relations between job demands and emotions were not found. Future research avenues aimed at further understanding the supportive role that achievement goals can have for university instructors' emotional experiences and well-being are discussed.

Teachers differ in their tendency to prefer temporal comparisons (temporal reference norm orientation, TO) and social comparisons (social reference norm orientation, SO) when judging students' achievements. A TO was postulated to enhance students' motivational beliefs. We used a longitudinal sample of 1 641 students (69 mathematics classes) from comprehensive secondary schools (Gymnasium) across grades 5 and 6 to test this hypothesis. Students' mathematical self-concepts and their implicit theory of math ability as incremental were assessed at each point of measurement. Their math teachers' TO and SO were assessed using aggregated students' ratings. Growth curve modeling showed a decline in students' self-concepts and their implicit theory. Between-class differences in the amount of decline were associated with teachers' reference norm orientations: TO was associated with a decelerated decline in students' self-concepts and implicit theory, SO with an accelerated decline. The SO effects on students' self-concept were more pronounced given lower students' achievement. Effekte der Bezugsnormorientierung von Lehrkräften auf die implizite Fähigkeitstheorie und das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept von Schülerinnen und SchülernZusammenfassung: Lehrkräfte unterscheiden sich in dem Ausmaß, in dem sie temporale Vergleiche (temporale Bezugsnormorientierung, TO) oder soziale Vergleiche (soziale Bezugsnormorientierung, SO) bevorzugen, wenn sie Schülerleistungen bewerten. Eine TO soll dabei förderlich für die Entwicklung günstiger motivationaler Überzeugungen von Schülerinnen und Schülern sein. Wir nutzen Daten aus einer Längsschnittstichprobe im Fach Mathematik mit 1 641 Gymnasialschülern / -schülerinnen aus 69 Klassen, die sich über die fünfte und sechste Jahrgangsstufe erstreckte. Selbstkonzepte und die implizite Theorie von Fähigkeiten als veränderbar der Schüler / -innen wurden zu jedem Messzeitpunkt erfasst, TO und SO wurden anhand aggregierter Schülerratings erfasst. Wachstumskurvenmodelle zeigten eine Verschlechterung der Selbstkonzepte und impliziten Fähigkeitstheorien. Die bei dieser Entwicklung zu beobachtenden Inter-Klassen-Unterschiede standen mit der Bezugsnorm-Orientierung im Zusammenhang: Eine TO ging mit geringeren, eine SO mit stärkeren Verschlechterungen der beiden motivationalen Überzeugungen einher. Wie erwartet waren die negativen Effekte der SO auf das Selbstkonzept bei Leistungsschwächeren verstärkt.

Teaching-related motivations are often assumed to influence teaching quality; however, the empirical evidence regarding the directionality of such influences is scarce. The present study thus examined the reciprocal links between teaching-related motivations (selfefficacy and enthusiasm for teaching) and student-reported teaching quality (classroom management, learning support, and cognitive activation). Two-level cross-lagged panel analyses across three time points (with an initial sample of 165 secondary-level mathematics teachers and their 4273 students) revealed no significant cross-lagged effects when teachers' stable inter-individual differences are taken into account. Our findings suggest that teachers' motivations are remarkably stable over time.