De novo Drug Delivery Modalities for Treating Damaged Hearts: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality, resulting in approximately one-third of deaths worldwide. Among CVD, acute myocardial infarctions (MI) is the leading cause of death. Current treatment modalities for treating CVD have improved over the years, but the demand for new and innovative therapies has been on the rise. The field of nanomedicine and nanotechnology has opened a new paradigm for treating damaged hearts by providing improved drug delivery methods, specifically targeting injured areas of the myocardium. With the advent of innovative biomaterials, newer therapeutics such as growth factors, stem cells, and exosomes have been successfully delivered to the injured myocardial tissue, promoting improvement in cardiac function. This review focuses on three major drug delivery modalities: nanoparticles, microspheres, and hydrogels, and their potential for treating damaged hearts following an MI.

Polymeric nanomaterial strategies to encapsulate and deliver biological drugs: points to consider between methods

“…Namely, hydrogen bonds are actively involved in potential therapeutic targets or receptors of various diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSr-CoV2) infection, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular diseases. [124][125][126][127][128] So binding TA or other agents with BDs via hydrogen bonds in the future may need a case-by-case analysis. We suggest that self-assembly may reduce the effect of BD structural changes that may happen in emulsion methods.…”

Bubble-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Next-Generation Diagnosis to Therapy

“…In the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical research, the development of new carrier systems for targeted therapy is revolutionizing the way medical diseases are treated [26,27]. Several formulations and devices, such as microspheres, hydrogels, MBs, and NBs, are being employed to deliver therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases [28]. These new modalities are even surpassing conventional drug delivery methods both in accuracy and precision [28,29].…”

“…Several formulations and devices, such as microspheres, hydrogels, MBs, and NBs, are being employed to deliver therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases [28]. These new modalities are even surpassing conventional drug delivery methods both in accuracy and precision [28,29]. The effectiveness of these new carrier systems hinges on their ability to maintain adequate physical properties when exposed to the physiologic conditions of the body.…”