De middenstandsorganizaties en de gemeenteverkiezingen in vijf Belgische steden (1895-1952)

Heyrman, Peter; Jaumain, Serge; Vanthemsche, Guy

doi:10.3406/rbph.1994.3941

Cited by 3 publications

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“…Ces stratégies ont été testées à tour de rôle, avec peu de succès. Il a fallu attendre les années de crise des années 1930 pour que les problèmes particuliers des petites entreprises, notamment du commerce de détail, apparaissent pour la première fois sur l'agenda politique 101 . Dans cet article, nous n'avons pu esquisser cette transformation continuelle que de manière superficielle et incomplète.…”

Section: Travail Indépendant: Identité Discours Et Imaginationunclassified

Le travail indépendant dans le petit commerce et l’artisanat, 1830-1930

Heyrman

2020

Revue Du Nord

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When studying the multifaceted notion of labor during the period 1830-1930, it would be a deficit to reduce the concept of work to its manifestations linked to remuneration. Our contribution, conceived as a review, aims to shed light on self-employed or independent work, especially that of craftsmen and retailers. The primary focus of our analysis is on Belgium, but with a comparative perspective on France. After sketching the quantitative evolution of these groups during the period studied, we try to interpret the specificity of self-employment in retail trade and crafts by exploring the determining contextual factors: family, business, space and community. We also aim to clarify how the imagery linked to independent labor became embedded in powerful social discourses. Despite their obvious heterogeneity, the French and Belgian small entrepreneurs in crafts, retail trade and other services were often represented as one social category, and this under various and often weighty labels. All this clearly influenced the ways in which their interests were both voiced and received on the socio-political forum.Mots clés : travail indépendant ; petit commerce ; artisanat ; distribution Le travail indépendant dans le petit commerce et l'artisanat, 1830-1930Peter Heyrman (KADOC-KU Leuven) Sous le titre 'Terres de travail', ce dossier aborde les différentes facettes du travail en Belgique et dans le nord de la France dans la période 1830-1930. Compte tenu de cette ambition, il convient de ne pas réduire le concept de travail à ses manifestations liées à la rémunération. Notre contribution, conçue comme un article de synthèse, se concentre sur le travail indépendant, notamment celui des artisans et des détaillants. Ce secteur recouvre des professions très diverses, donnant accès à une réalité sociale morcelée, même fourmillante. Il est important de mettre en lumière cette réalité, ne serait-ce que pour attester que pendant la période étudiée, à côté des grandes entreprises industrielles, il y avait toujours une masse de petites unités se consacrant au commerce de détail, à la production artisanale et à des services divers. Nous esquissons d'abord l'évolution quantitative de ces groupes au cours du siècle traité. Ensuite, nous essayons d'interpréter la spécificité du travail indépendant dans le commerce de détail et l'artisanat en rendant plus explicites les facteurs contextuels déterminants : la famille, l'entreprise et la communauté. Nous voulons également montrer comment l'image du travail indépendant est tributaire de discours sociaux, ancrés dans l'imaginaire social jusqu'à nos jours. Notre analyse se concentre principalement sur la Belgique, mais avec une perspective comparative sur la France, étant donné la fertilisation croisée évidente entre ces deux espaces. Le petit commerce et l'artisanat se situent à l'interface entre industrie et commerce. Leur classement dans l'une des deux catégories, comme par exemple dans les recensements et statistiques contemporains, semble donc quelque peu artificiel. Les boulangers, par ...

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Section: Travail Indépendant: Identité Discours Et Imaginationunclassified

Le travail indépendant dans le petit commerce et l’artisanat, 1830-1930

Heyrman

2020

Revue Du Nord

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“…From the 1890s onwards they had often introduced separate petit bourgeois parties, demanded their own (and thus unreliable) representatives on both the Catholic and Liberal candidate lists, and/or aligned themselves with other interest groups looking for a political and often populist alternative. The success of the Rexist Party amongst small businessmen in the 1936 elections has to be evaluated in the light of this long electoral peregrination 82 .…”

Section: Embracing Ideology and Pillarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlocking the padlock: Retail and public policy in Belgium (1930–1961)

Heyrman

2017

Business History

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During the interwar and postwar decades, until the dawn of the 1960s, the Belgian retail sector remained very traditional and overcrowded. In that context literature usually points to the Belgian law of 1936/1937 restricting the expansion of department stores. This article outlines the history of this so-called Padlock Law (Loi de Cadenas/Grendelwet), evaluates its effectiveness and impact. It tries to answer the question as to why the public debate on retailing in Belgium was caught in a deadlock and, specifically, why prohibitive measures against big distribution remained intact for such a long period. It demonstrates how the political dossier of the Padlock was interlinked with a much broader societal debate, that of the survival of the independent classes moyennes/middenstand. The Padlock became a highly symbolic issue, pitting small, family enterprise against big, capitalistic business, with all this linked to powerful social perceptions and powered by the dichotomy of modernity versus tradition. In the highly segmented and pillarized Belgian society, reaching a consensus on the modernization of retail was only possible after clearly incorporating small independent enterprise into the post-war neocorporatist welfare state and into its structures of collective bargaining.

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Belgian Government Policy and the Petite Bourgeoisie (1918–40)

Heyrman¹

1996

Contemporary European History

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Historical research into the petite bourgeoisie in Belgium did not begin until quite a bit later than it did abroad. On closer inspection, that was no bad thing. Because of the late start by Belgian historians, they were more open-minded and less inclined towards the research into the roots of Fascism which was largely based on pre-war sociological theories. Beginning in 1980, pioneering research was carried out at the Université Libre de Bruxelles – for the most part on the period before the First World War. The research group under the direction of Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk systematically analysed several important series of sources and produced interesting detailed studies. In 1993 Serge Jaumain published a comprehensive study on Belgian retail trade in the period from 1880 to 1914.

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De middenstandsorganizaties en de gemeenteverkiezingen in vijf Belgische steden (1895-1952)

Cited by 3 publications

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Le travail indépendant dans le petit commerce et l’artisanat, 1830-1930

Le travail indépendant dans le petit commerce et l’artisanat, 1830-1930

Unlocking the padlock: Retail and public policy in Belgium (1930–1961)

Belgian Government Policy and the Petite Bourgeoisie (1918–40)

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