DD Genotype of ACE Gene in Boys: May it be a Risk Factor for Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome?

Abstract

It has been shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism affects the circulating and cellular levels of ACE and may be a risk factor in several renal diseases. We analyzed the association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with the clinical presentation of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in a Turkish child population. This study consisted of 97 children with MCNS and 144 healthy controls. Genotyping of ACE gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The distributions of ACE genotypes were II in 13%, ID in 49%, and DD in 38% in patient group, and 9%, 49%, and 42% in control group, respectively. The frequency of the D allele was 63% and that of the I allele was 37% in patients. There were no relevant differences in the allele frequencies and genotypes of ACE I/D polymorphism between patients and controls. However, DD genotype was higher in boys in children with MCNS (78.4%. vs. 50.0%, p = 0.004). The frequencies of DD genotype and D allele in boys were 7.25 and 2.56 times higher than II genotype and I allele in the patient group, respectively. We suggest that DD genotype in boys may be one of the risk factors for MCNS.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genotype Is Not a Significant Genetic Risk Factor for Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Croatian Children

“…The contribution of ACE gene polymorphism to the incidence or clinical severity of INS varies among different studies [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. DD genotype or D allele were found to be associated with the overall susceptibility to INS, as well as susceptibility to MCD and FSGS in Asian children [28,29,30].…”

“…The increased Ang II plays deleterious effects on renal hemodynamics and increases the expression of some growth factors that can take part in the onset and progression of various renal diseases [3,4,5,6,7,8]. The relationship between ACE gene I/D polymorphism and INS in children has been investigated with conflicting results [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. The majority of investigations have been performed in Asian populations, with only scarce information from Europe and other parts of the world.…”

Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism with susceptibility of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in Asians: a meta-analysis

“…However, the number of the recruited studies for meta-analysis was small and the result was not robust, and we stated that more genetic epidemiological investigations were required to further explore this association. Alasehirli et al 2 reported an investigation on the association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism with MCNS risk in 2011 Oct 21 (online) and found that there were no relevant differences in the allele frequencies and genotypes of ACE I/D polymorphism between patients and controls, and we hadn't included this study for our meta-analysis. They reported that the D allele and DD homozygous were not associated with MCNS risk in Turkish children.…”

“…Interestingly, Alasehirli et al 2 first explored the association between gender and ACE gene polymorphism in the onset of MCNS and found that DD homozygous was higher in boys in children with MCNS (78.4%. vs. 50.0%), and the frequencies of DD homozygous and D allele in boys were 7.25-fold and 2.56-fold higher than II genotype and I allele in the patient group, respectively.…”

“…As those mentioned above, we included the study of Alasehirli et al 2 , and re-ran the meta-analysis on Asians. We found that D allele/DD homozygous was not associated with MCNS risk [D: odds ratios (OR) = 1.19, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.96-1.47, p = 0.11; DD: OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.93-1.75, p = 0.16].…”