DC-Arc Models and Incident-Energy Calculations

Ammerman, Ravel; Gammon, Tammy; Sen, P.K.; Nelson, John P.

doi:10.1109/tia.2010.2057497

Cited by 168 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The long free burning arc (>100 mm) has quite different properties compared with the short arc (<10 mm) and the arc in closed space because of its complex behavior. The existing studies about long arcs are mainly concerned with its movement [1][2][3][4][5] and electrical [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] characteristics.…”

Section: Current Reaserches On Insulation Coordination Of Arcing Hornmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 2, the U-I characteristic of fault arc in static state Uarc (I) has a negative power function form [11], on the other hand, the U-I characteristic of external DC system Uex (I) system has a linear function form. Usually, the U-I characteristic of external system is varied with the fault location.…”

Section: Static Stability Criterion Of Fault Arc On Hvdc System (U-i mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was found that the relation between the electric field of arc column E arc (V/mm) and the arc current I arc (A) can be expressed in the following form [11]:…”

Section: E-i Characteristic Of Long Free Burning Arcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulation Coordination of Arcing Horns on HVDC Electrode Lines: Protection Performance Evaluation, Influence Factors and Improvement Method

Liu

et al. 2018

Energies

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Abstract:Arcing horns are widely used in high voltage overhead lines to protect insulator strings from being destroyed by the free burning arcs caused by lightening faults. In this paper, we focus on the insulation coordination of arcing horns on the electrode lines of a 5000 MW, ±800 kV high voltage direct current (HVDC) system. The protection performance of arcing horns are determined by the characteristics of not only the external system but also the fault arc. Therefore, the behaviors and characteristics of long free burning arcs are investigated by the experiments at first. In order to evaluate the protection performance of arcing horns, the static stability criterion U-I characteristic method is introduced. The influence factors on the protection performance of arcing horns are analyzed theoretically. Finally, the improvement methods for the protection performance of arcing horns are proposed, and the diversified configuration strategy of arcing horns is recommended for cost saving.

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Section: Current Reaserches On Insulation Coordination Of Arcing Hornmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Static Stability Criterion Of Fault Arc On Hvdc System (U-i mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulation Coordination of Arcing Horns on HVDC Electrode Lines: Protection Performance Evaluation, Influence Factors and Improvement Method

Liu

et al. 2018

Energies

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“…With the arc established, the anode and cathode drop is relatively consistent for different electrode materials. Generally this voltage drop is 20 to 40 volts (for example, it is 23.5 V for copper, 26.5 V for steel, and 36 V for tungsten [30][31]). The initiation and sustainment of the arc is dependent on a number of material and geometric considerations.…”

Section: Physics Of Arcingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical and thermal finite element modeling of arc faults in photovoltaic bypass diodes.

Bower¹,

Quintana²,

Johnson³

2012

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Arc faults in photovoltaic (PV) modules have caused multiple rooftop fires. The arc generates a high-temperature plasma that ignites surrounding materials and subsequently spreads the fire to the building structure. While there are many possible locations in PV systems and PV modules where arcs could initiate, bypass diodes have been suspected of triggering arc faults in some modules. In order to understand the electrical and thermal phenomena associated with these events, a finite element model of a busbar and diode was created. Thermoelectrical simulations found Joule and internal diode heating from normal operation would not normally cause bypass diode or solder failures. However, if corrosion increased the contact resistance in the solder connection between the busbar and the diode leads, enough voltage potential would be established to arc across micron-scale electrode gaps. Lastly, an analytical arc radiation model based on observed data was employed to predicted polymer ignition times. The model predicted polymer materials in the adjacent area of the diode and junction box ignite in less than 0.1 seconds. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was funded by the US Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Program.5

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“…Following is a method for calculating the incident energy and the arc flash boundary (AFB) distance for dc systems using the dc maximum power method as developed by D. R. Doan [1] and a multiplying factor method as developed by R. Wilkins [2] and furthered by R. F. Ammerman, et al [3] in lieu of the use of distance exponents. The method is based on the assumption that the spherical energy density IE oa can be increased to a value of IE b to account for the additional reflected heat radiation from a box situation and that IE b /IE oa equals a multiplying factor M f for correcting from the energy density for an arc-in-openair situation to an arc-in-a-box situation, based on a simplified equation or methodology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DC arc flash calculations — Arc-in-open-air & arc-in-a-box — Using a simplified approach (Multiplication factor method)

Fontaine

Walsh

2012

2012 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop

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This paper suggests a method for calculating the incident energy and the arc flash boundary (AFB) distance for dc systems when an arc-in-a-box situation is involved. The method uses the dc maximum power method and a multiplying factor instead of using distance exponents. The method may also be used for an arc-in-open-air by using a multiplying factor of 1. It is based on the basic assumption that the spherical energy density can be increased to a new value to account for the additional reflected heat radiation from a box situation and that the ratio of the new value to the spherical energy density equals a multiplying factor for correcting -from the energy density for an arc-in-open-air situation to an arc-in-a-box situation, based on a simplified equation or methodology. When calculating the AFB, the method requires the use of an iterative process , since the multiplying factor is a nonlinear variable and is based on the distance from the arc. This paper should provide a good starting point for further discussion and development regarding dc arc-in-a-box situations.Index Terms -arc-in-a-box, dc maximum power method, multiplying factor.

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DC-Arc Models and Incident-Energy Calculations

Cited by 168 publications

References 10 publications

Insulation Coordination of Arcing Horns on HVDC Electrode Lines: Protection Performance Evaluation, Influence Factors and Improvement Method

Insulation Coordination of Arcing Horns on HVDC Electrode Lines: Protection Performance Evaluation, Influence Factors and Improvement Method

Electrical and thermal finite element modeling of arc faults in photovoltaic bypass diodes.

DC arc flash calculations — Arc-in-open-air & arc-in-a-box — Using a simplified approach (Multiplication factor method)

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DC-Arc Models and Incident-Energy Calculations

Cited by 168 publications

References 10 publications

Insulation Coordination of Arcing Horns on HVDC Electrode Lines: Protection Performance Evaluation, Influence Factors and Improvement Method

Insulation Coordination of Arcing Horns on HVDC Electrode Lines: Protection Performance Evaluation, Influence Factors and Improvement Method

Electrical and thermal finite element modeling of arc faults in photovoltaic bypass diodes.

DC arc flash calculations &#x2014; Arc-in-open-air &amp; arc-in-a-box &#x2014; Using a simplified approach (Multiplication factor method)

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DC arc flash calculations — Arc-in-open-air & arc-in-a-box — Using a simplified approach (Multiplication factor method)