Das Exoskelett der mannlichen Genitalien der Mecoptera (Insecta): II. Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen der Schnabelfliegen-Familien

Willmann, Rainer

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1981.tb00237.x

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The clade Pistillifera is well supported by larval features (Beutel et al., 2009a) and the specialized sperm pump of adult males (Willmann, 1981, 1987, 1989; Mickoleit, 2009: Spermienauspressvorrichtung ). A possible clade comprising Pistillifera and Boreidae is suggested by the presence of a unique, compact intrinsic muscle of the salivary duct.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and molecular evidence converge upon a robust phylogeny of the megadiverse Holometabola

Beutel¹,

et al. 2010

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We present the largest morphological character set ever compiled for Holometabola. This was made possible through an optimized acquisition of data. Based on our analyses and recently published hypotheses based on molecular data, we discuss higherlevel phylogeny and evolutionary changes. We comment on the information content of different character systems and discuss the role of morphology in the age of phylogenomics. Microcomputer tomography in combination with other techniques proved highly efficient for acquiring and documenting morphological data. Detailed anatomical information (356 characters) is now available for 30 representatives of all holometabolan orders. A combination of traditional and novel techniques complemented each other and rapidly provided reliable data. In addition, our approach facilitates documenting the anatomy of model organisms. Our results show little congruence with studies based on rRNA, but confirm most clades retrieved in a recent study based on nuclear genes: Holometabola excluding Hymenoptera, Coleopterida (= Strepsiptera + Coleoptera), Neuropterida excl. Neuroptera, and Mecoptera. Mecopterida (= Antliophora + Amphiesmenoptera) was retrieved only in Bayesian analyses. All orders except Megaloptera are monophyletic. Problems in the analyses are caused by taxa with numerous autapomorphies and ⁄ or inapplicable character states due to the loss of major structures (such as wings). Different factors have contributed to the evolutionary success of various holometabolan lineages. It is likely that good flying performance, the ability to occupy different habitats as larvae and adults, parasitism, liquid feeding, and co-evolution with flowering plants have played important roles. We argue that even in the ''age of phylogenomics'', comparative morphology will still play a vital role. In addition, morphology is essential for reconstructing major evolutionary transformations at the phenotypic level, for testing evolutionary scenarios, and for placing fossil taxa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and molecular evidence converge upon a robust phylogeny of the megadiverse Holometabola

Beutel¹,

et al. 2010

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“…As pointed out in Beutel and Baum (2008) the morphology of adult nannochoristids is relatively well known (e.g. Hepburn 1969a,b; Mickoleit 1975, 1976, 1978, 2008; Willmann 1981a,b; Kristensen 1989; Simiczyjew 2002; Beutel and Baum 2008). However, the thoracic skeletomuscular system is not well studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The thoracic morphology ofNannochorista(Nannochoristidae) and its implications for the phylogeny of Mecoptera and Antliophora

Friedrich

Beutel

2010

Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

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External and internal thoracic structures of Nannochorista spp. are described in detail. The results are compared with conditions found in other endopterygote taxa, especially in members of Antliophora. Seventy-seven characters potentially useful for phylogenetic reconstruction are discussed, coded, presented as a data matrix and analysed cladistically. The thorax of Nannochorista shows a number of plesiomorphic characters compared with other mecopterans (except for Merope) and members of the other antliophoran groups (e.g. presence of prospina and associated muscles). No specific affinities of thoracic features of Nannochoristidae and Diptera were found. The cladistic analysis results in strongly supported Antliophora (e.g. intraprofurcal muscle and ventral pleural arms present; bundle of M. mesonoto-pleuralis posterior originates on pleural arm). The thoracic characters do not support the monophyly of Mecoptera. This is possibly an artefact of the analysis. Several potential thoracic autapomorphies of the order are inapplicable in Boreidae, Siphonaptera and Diptera. Boreidae and Siphonaptera share a suite of characters related with flightlessness and are retrieved as sistertaxa when characters associated with wing reduction are predefined as irreversible.Merope appears exceptionally plesiomorphic in its thoracic morphology. Pistillifera (excluding Meropidae) and Panorpoidea (Panorpidae + Panorpodidae) are supported as clades. Due to the strongly modified thoracic morphology of Siphonaptera, the position of this group remains uncertain. The phylogenetic reconstruction using thoracic features alone is clearly impeded by far reaching modifications in Diptera in correlation with an advanced type of anteromotorism, and complex suites of reductional features in the secondary wingless forms.

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“…The male terminalia of Parapolycentropus are surprisingly similar in many respects to those of the specialized Recent family Boreidae (see, e.g., Crampton, 1931;Penny, 1977;willmann, 1981). in Boreidae, the posterior margin or portion of tiX also possesses black denticles, though they occur only sometimes in a row along the posterior edge, otherwise they are clustered near this edge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionflyParapolycentropusGrimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): New Data and Interpretations

Grimaldi

Johnston

2014

American Museum Novitates

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The genus Parapolycentropus, originally described for two species in 99 myo Burmese amber, is unique among Mecoptera for its long, thin proboscis and possession of just the mesothoracic pair of wings. a new series of 19 specimens with excellent preservation allows description and redescription of virtually all morphological details. Male terminalia are very similar to those of the holarctic Recent family of "snow fleas, " the Boreidae. Thoracic sclerites are highly convergent with nematocerous Diptera in the expansion of the mesothorax and great reduction of the proand metathoraces. The metathoracic wing vestige appears to be just the tegula; axial sclerites are lost. Details of the pretarsal claws are described; in P. paraburmiticus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn the outer claw of the meso-and metathoracic pretarsi is elongate and the inner claw reduced. The proboscis is comprised not of a labial tube and "pseudolabellum" (contra Ren et al., 2009), but is mostly maxillary in origin, with the outer valves probably being galeae and the central, serrated stylet probably the hypopharynx. abdominal sternites are greatly reduced (more so in females), suggesting that the abdomen was distensible, a feature that is common in some fluid-feeding insects. The proboscis, claw, and sternite modifications indicate that Parapolycentropus fed on the hemolymph of small insects, not the blood of vertebrates.

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Das Exoskelett der mannlichen Genitalien der Mecoptera (Insecta): II. Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen der Schnabelfliegen-Familien

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

Morphological and molecular evidence converge upon a robust phylogeny of the megadiverse Holometabola

Morphological and molecular evidence converge upon a robust phylogeny of the megadiverse Holometabola

The thoracic morphology ofNannochorista(Nannochoristidae) and its implications for the phylogeny of Mecoptera and Antliophora

The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionflyParapolycentropusGrimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): New Data and Interpretations

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