Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program

Hammerum, Anette M.; Heuer, Ole Eske; Emborg, Hanne‐Dorthe; Bagger-Skjøt, Line; Jensen, Vibeke Frøkjær; Rogues, Anne-Marie; Skov, Robert; Agersø, Yvonne; Brandt, Christian; Seyfarth, Anne Mette; Müller, A.; Hovgaard, K.; Ajufo, J. C.; Bager, Flemming; Aarestrup, Frank Møller; Frimodt‐Møller, Niels; Wegener, Henrik Caspar; Monnet, Dominique

doi:10.3201/eid1311.070421

Cited by 123 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…For both avoparcin and chloramphenicol, a ban was not effective in reducing the prevalence of resistance to the respective antimicrobial in pig isolates (2,9). This may be due to coselection by the continued use of other types of antimicrobials (1,15,16,33). Coselection by other antimicrobials, however, cannot explain the persistence of antimicrobial resistance for years after all use of antimicrobials was stopped, as documented in other studies of swine (13,25).…”

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confidence: 74%

Macrolide Resistance in Microorganisms at Antimicrobial-Free Swine Farms

Zhou

Raskin

Zilles

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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To investigate the relationship between agricultural antimicrobial use and resistance, a variety of methods for quantification of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS B ) resistance were applied to organic swine farm manure samples. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to indirectly quantify the specific rRNA methylation resulting in MLS B resistance. Using this method, an unexpectedly high prevalence of ribosomal methylation and, hence, predicted MLS B resistance was observed in manure samples from two swine finisher farms that reported no antimicrobial use (37.6% ؎ 6.3% and 40.5% ؎ 5.4%, respectively). A culture-based method targeting relatively abundant clostridia showed a lower but still unexpectedly high prevalence of resistance at both farms (27.7% ؎ 11.3% and 11.7% ؎ 8.6%, respectively), while the prevalence of resistance in cultured fecal streptococci was low at both farms (4.0%). These differences in the prevalence of resistance across microorganisms suggest the need for caution when extrapolating from data obtained with indicator organisms. A third antimicrobial-free swine farm, a breeder-to-finisher operation, had low levels of MLS B resistance in manure samples with all methods used (<9%). Tetracycline antimicrobials were detected in manure samples from one of the finisher farms and may provide a partial explanation for the high level of MLS B resistance. Taken together, these findings highlight the need for a more fundamental understanding of the relationship between antimicrobial use and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.

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confidence: 74%

Macrolide Resistance in Microorganisms at Antimicrobial-Free Swine Farms

Zhou

Raskin

Zilles

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…[7][8][9] The increase of antibiotic resistance following the use of antibiotics such as beta-lactams and growing the commensal and pathogenic ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing bacteria like E. coli strains especially in foodproducing animals pose a threat to the public health and food safety. [10][11][12][13][14] Researchers have suggested that the study of antibiotic resistance in commensal microorganisms like E. coli from the healthy animals would be quite useful, because they can be used as gnomon organisms to measure the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. These organisms could serve as a reservoir for the genes encoding antimicrobial resistance, which is transferred to the pathogenic bacteria or transmitted to the human by direct exposure to animals or via the food chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Grouping and Phenotypic Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases Among Escherichia coli From Calves and Dairy Cows in Khuzestan, Iran

Barzan¹,

Gharibi²,

Ghorbanpoor³

et al. 2017

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Background: Food-producing animals are under suspicion for the reservoir and colonization of ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae and therefore infection of the humans with them. The increasing reports on the ESBLs presence in the pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli isolates have been a concern worldwide. These strains can be attributed to one of the main phylogenetic groups and subgroups. Several studies have shown the relationship between the phylogeny and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli strains. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic group of ESBL-producing E. coli and detect its phenotype using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and combined disk method. Materials and Methods: Two hundred five E. coli fecal isolates were obtained from 103 calves (90 healthy and 13 diarrheic) and 102 dairy cows (healthy) from 8 farms in Khuzestan province, Iran. The triplex PCR method was used to allocate the E. coli isolates based on the presence or absence of 3 genes (chuA, yjaA, and tspE4.C2) to yield 4 definite phylogenetic groups and 7 subgroups. Phenotypic ESBL-producing E. coli was determined using the double disk diffusion method according to the manufacturer's instructions and Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: A total of 65.04% and 22.3% of isolates from calves and 70.5% and 20.5% of isolates from dairy cows belonged to phylogroups B1 and A, respectively. In addition, no isolate from the diarrhoeic calves was found to belong to group B2 and subgroups D2 and A0. A low prevalence (2/205 isolates, 0.97%) of ESBL-producing E. coli was found only in the samples of dairy cows which belonged to the phylogenetic group A and phylogenetic subgroup A1. There was no statistically significant relationship between the phylogenetic group and the production of ESBLs (P = 0.11). There was also no difference between the E. coli isolates from calves and dairy cows in the production of ESBLs (P = 0.5). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant relationship between the phylogenetic group and the production of ESBLs (P = 0.11). There was also no difference between E. coli isolates from calves and dairy cows in the production of ESBLs (P = 0.5). Based on these results, there is a low prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the dairy farms of Khuzestan province. However, further large scale investigations are necessary to control the antibiotic resistance in the human and animal foodstuff.

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“…In 2006, only 706 new MRSA patients (colonization only or infection) were reported, which corresponds to 13/100,000 population (9). To maintain this status, Denmark has adopted a strict "Search and Destroy" policy, which includes active screening of at-risk persons at admission to a hospital (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Pigs as Source of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCC398 Infections in Humans, Denmark

Lewis¹,

Mølbak²,

Reese³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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238

189

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An emerging subtype of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), clonal complex (CC) 398, is associated with animals, particularly pigs. We conducted a matched case-control and a case-case study comparing 21 CC398 case-patients with 2 controls randomly selected from the Danish Civil Registry and 2 case-patients infected with MRSA other than CC398. On farms of case-patients, animals were examined for MRSA. Thirteen case-patients reported pig exposure. Living or working on farms with animals was an independent risk factor for CC398 in the casecontrol (matched odds ratio [MOR] 35.4, 95% confi dence interval [CI] 2.7-469.8) and the case-case study (MOR 14.5, 95%CI 2.7-76.7). History of hospitalization was associated with an increased risk only in the case-control study (MOR 11.4,. A total of 23 of 50 pigs on 4 of 5 farms were positive for CC398. Our results, corroborated by microbiologic testing, demonstrate that pigs are a source of CC398 in Denmark.

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Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program

Abstract: This program has led to changes in the use of antimicrobial agents in Denmark and other countries.

Cited by 123 publications

References 17 publications

Macrolide Resistance in Microorganisms at Antimicrobial-Free Swine Farms

Macrolide Resistance in Microorganisms at Antimicrobial-Free Swine Farms

Phylogenetic Grouping and Phenotypic Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases Among Escherichia coli From Calves and Dairy Cows in Khuzestan, Iran

Pigs as Source of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCC398 Infections in Humans, Denmark

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