Daniel Winunwe Rivers. Radical Relations: Lesbian Mothers, Gay Fathers, and Their Children in the United States since World War II.

“I didn’t Even Realize I Agreed to Meet the Child so Rarely.” Negotiations and Parental Desires in LGBTQ Family Forming Processes

“…Without the protection of the law, complicated relations between the parents can be inflamed in such a way that they must be clarified in court. Such custody disputes involving LGBTQ families have been the subject of litigation in the US since the 1980s (Rivers, 2013).…”

“…In principle, the possibility of having children can be considered a fundamental human right (Kogovšek Šalamon, 2015;Rivers, 2013). It is also an issue of equality that should not be affected by belonging to a sexual or gender minority.…”

Feelings of LGBTQ+ community belonging among diverse youth with LGBTQ+ parents in the United States.

“…It is important to understand the impact of social inequalities by situating minority stress in historical context for LGBTQ+ people and their families (Hammack & Cohler, 2011;Hegarty & Rutherford, 2019). Following heightened LGBTQ+ visibility and empowerment during the gay liberation and lesbian feminist movements of the 1960s and 1970s, the United States saw a sharp increase in lesbian and gay (LG) parent families from the 1980s to the turn of the 21st century-the "gayby boom" (Pressley & Andrews, 1992;Rivers, 2013). More resources emerged for LGBTQ+ parent families such as LGBTQ+ parent family summer camps, Family Equality (an organization for LGBTQ+ families; https://www.familyequality.org/aboutus/who-we-are/), COLAGE (an organization created by people with LGBTQ+ parents that promotes support and community for them; Kuvalanka et al, 2006), and "R Family Vacations" (https://www .rfamilyvacations.com/about-us).…”

Same-sex Marriage Legalization and the Stigmas of LGBT Co-parenting in Taiwan

“…Given the high costs of pursuing biological parenthood through ART use abroad, adoption is a more economically feasible path to parenthood for many LGBT individuals and couples. In fact, studies of LGBT family formation in England and the United States have documented a strong willingness to consider adoption instead of prioritizing biological parenthood (Lewin 2009;Rivers 2013;Costa and Tasker 2018). Yet prevailing stigmas against adoption and concerns about unequal treatment in the adoption process have made Taiwanese LGBT (intending) parents more likely to use ART or donor insemination to have biological children or to raise a child from a previous heterosexual relationship (only three of the families interviewed included an adopted nonrelative child).…”