Tarkastelemme artikkelissamme asioimistulkkien työoloja ja analysoimme, kuinka eri etnis-kielellistä taustaa edustavat tulkit kokevat ammattinsa hyvät ja huonot puolet. Vertailemme äidinkieleltään suomen- tai ruotsinkielisiä ja muunkielisiä tulkkeja. Aineistona ovat 125 tulkin kyselyvastaukset, ja metodina olemme käyttäneet ristiintaulukointia. Vaikka tulkit yleisesti ottaen ilmoittavat olevansa tyytyväisiä työoloihinsa, he kertovat kuitenkin kokeneensa kielteistä suhtautumista ja syrjintää. Lisäksi tulkit kertovat joistakin tulkkaukseen liittyvistä erityisistä ongelmista. Kaiken kaikkiaan tulkkien ammatillinen asema on alhainen, ja suurin osa tulkeista työskentelee osa-aikaisesti. Tulkkien asema riippuu osittain heidän kielellisestä taustastaan. Asioimistulkit työskentelevät etnisten vähemmistöjen kanssa, ja moni tulkki edustaa itse jotakin etnis-kielellistä vähemmistöä. Ammatin etnospesifi luonne vaikuttaa heikentävästi tulkkien työoloihin, aiheuttaa ammattitaitoisten tulkkien siirtymistä muihin töihin ja vaikeuttaa maahanmuuttajien tasa-arvoista kohtelua.
This article studies the notion of everyday citizenship, understood as episodes repeating themselves from 'event' to 'practice', by journeying into several sites of adult migrants' literacy education in contemporary Finland in a storytelling format. Its primary focus lies on the politics of gender in literacy classrooms and the informal sites of literacy learning. It also seeks to develop a method of writing about social change in a politically loaded context which has caused the 'field' of literacy education to remain silent to wider society about its everyday practices. Keywords Literacy • Citizenship events • Gender • Integration • Narratives This article aims to problematise the notion of literacy in a context where the arrival of so-called illiterates-as they are dubbed by key institutions-challenges everyday practices in Finnish society. Living in an information society demands literacy in myriad ways, ranging from the use of ATMs to form-filling. Following 19th-century nationalist struggles for universal education and the right to literacy in one's mother tongue, Finland has now arrived at a critical juncture, and both friends and critics of current multicultural policies are beginning to debate the question. Could we arrive at new understandings of social relations or political action by interacting with people who have difficulties in reading and writing? How could a theoretical view of citizenship from the perspective of everyday events help in this? Finland has two official languages, Finnish and Swedish, but in practice bilingualism only occurs in cultural pockets around the capital and the west coast. The concept of the 'mother tongue' has emotional connotations for both language groups. Despite official bilingualism, Finland's educational system has been built around the illusion of monoculture and an essentialised 'mother tongue'. The monocultural model of literacy learning and teaching is no longer valid at any level of the educational system. Schools in urban areas are now genuinely multicultural, and the curriculum has to cater to the needs of second-language speakers. In addition, thousands of newly arrived adult migrants now spend their days in state-sponsored classrooms learning to read and write in Finnish or Swedish, and illiteracy has become a hot topic in work with migrants. One social worker, when asked about her clients, produced a broad analysis of the current situation of 'illiterates': Illiterate people, they're a manifold group as well. There are older people, but also very young ones. And then they have different starting points, different motivations, desires and abilities to learn. (...) They're a rather big group, all the time during these years, (...) on the one hand, it is a matter of concern and worry, because you notice that a large number of people, they just don't move on with their lives, not even after several years. So they can't have any opportunities in a society like this to manage on their own-they almost certainly remain long-term clients of social welfare. It isn'...
This article analyzes the debate among family experts about fathering in Finland from the 1980s to recent years. The controversy is whether shared parenting between women and men is good for children and for men themselves or whether a gendered division of parenting should be advocated instead. Both discourses perceive men as important as fathers but disagree on the care of babies and very young children. Irrespective of position, experts stress that the choices made by men regarding fatherhood are individual and have wide-ranging consequences in their lives and the lives of their children, especially of boys. Experts view motherhood as a societal duty, and fatherhood as personal and elective. If fathers’ choices are stressed as a moral issue, it is because fathers are seen as masculine actors, not as nurturers. The author argues that the radical societal ethos of shared parenting seems to have weakened, or even disappeared.
Artikkelimme tarkastelee afgaaniyhteisön jäsenten kotoutumisen mahdollisuuksia pienellä paikka- kunnalla Suomessa. Etnografisessa tutkimuksessamme kysymme, millaisia mahdollisuuksia ja esteitä kotouttamistyö asettaa perheissä elävien afganistanilaistaustaisten naisten ja miesten arjen kansalaisuudelle. Sovellamme kansalaisuuden käsitteistöä sellaisten prosessien, käytäntöjen ja tekojen empiiriseen analyysiin, joissa valtiollisia politiikkoja sovelletaan ja sovitetaan yksilöiden elämään. Esitämme analyysissamme tarinat kahdesta perheestä siten, että niiden kautta avautuu laajempi näkymä afgaaniyhteisöön kuuluvien yksilöiden ja perheiden toimijuuteen. Tulostemme mukaan kotouttamistyön ja maahanmuuttopolitiikan yhteen kietoutuminen raamittaa tutkittavien kohtelua tavalla, jolla on sukupuolenmukaisia seurauksia. Perheiden naisia ei välttämättä nähdä yksilöinä, jotka tekevät omia ratkaisujaan. Kun mies on turvapaikanhakija, heidän isyyttään ja hoivavastuutaan ei tunnisteta. Analyysin mukaan arjen kansalaisuus ja kansalaisuus oikeudellisena asemana liittyvät vahvasti toisiinsa.
This article examines the types of research designs used in empirical studies on public service interpreting and translation (PSIT). Our data consists of 81 journal articles, articles published in collected volumes, and doctoral dissertations published in English or German in 2009-2018, derived from the Translation Studies Bibliography. Our analysis is structured according to the main data used in the research design (interactional data, interviews, textual data, questionnaires, ethnographic observations, and multi-data designs). We describe what kinds of research questions are posed, which data are used, and how the analysis is portrayed. The objects of study are categorized on a methodological metalevel into (1) facts, (2) views, (3) cultural meanings and practices, (4) experiences, (5) social relations, and (6) interaction. In addition, we discuss whether the overall aim of the studies is to analyze the researched phenomenon from a factual perspective or from a social-constructivist perspective emphasizing cultural meanings. The most frequent object of study is interpreted interaction, and it seems to be the most nuanced from an analytical perspective as well. The other meta-level objects of study are either more varied in terms of analytical depth or not equally recognized for their possible research value in PSIT. Most studies in our data take a factual perspective, and studies on cultural meanings attached to PSIT seem rare. Our results indicate a need for further development in empirical designs in PSIT research.Resumen: Este artículo examina los tipos de diseños de investigación utilizados en los estudios empíricos sobre la interpretación y la traducción en los servicios públicos (TISP) sobre una muestra de 81 obras (artículos de revistas, capítulos de obras colectivas y tesis doctorales) publicadas en inglés o alemán entre 2009 y 2018 y extraídas de la base de datos Translation Studies Bibliography. El análisis se basa en los principales datos utilizados en el diseño de la investigación (interacciones, entrevistas, datos textuales, cuestionarios, observaciones etnográficas y diseños de datos múltiples). Describimos qué tipos de preguntas de investigación se plantean, qué datos se utilizan y cómo se describe el análisis. Los objetos de estudio se clasifican desde un punto de vista metodológico en (1) hechos, (2) puntos de vista, (3) significados y prácticas culturales, (4) experiencias, (5) relaciones sociales e (6) interacción. Además, se discute si el objetivo general de los estudios es analizar el fenómeno investigado desde una perspectiva fáctica o desde una perspectiva socio-constructivista que enfatiza los significados culturales. El objeto de estudio más frecuente es la interacción interpretada, y parece ser el más elaborado también desde una perspectiva analítica. El resto de objetos de estudio son más variados en cuanto a la profundidad analítica o carecen de reconocimiento por su posible valor en la investigación en TISP. La mayoría de los estudios de la muestra adoptan una perspectiva fáctica y, en TISP, los estudios sobre los significados culturales son más bien raros. Nuestros resultados indican la necesidad de un mayor desarrollo de los diseños empíricos en la investigación en TISP.
This chapter examines agency and ways of enduring suffering in Afghan families in a small Finnish town. Three stories, where the mothers and children have lived in Finland for some years already, but the fathers have arrived during the 2015 large scale migration, are presented and analyzed. Ethnographic methods are used in enquiring how family-members endure suffering when they are faced with the threat of deportation of a family member. Our results show, that fathers' precarious residency has an impact on family members agency. First, the informants were enduring alone, and thus the social element, being able to share one's struggles of enduring was missing. Second, it was not only one type suffering, but instead many kinds of sufferings, which formed the situations that the families had to endure. Third, the families did cope with their suffering by self-making though ethical agency, which provided them culturally significant ways of being respectable. This ethical agency was shared in the community and provided some spaces for support, although not in the form of disclosing specific details of suffering.
This study explores the negotiations taking place in LGBTQ families before a child is born or added to the family. It asks who takes part in the negotiations and what issues are negotiated about. An online questionnaire answered by LGBTQ parents (n = 74) was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The chain of phases leading to having a child can be referred to as a family forming process with various negotiation topics. The four phases are identified as parental desires, consideration of practices, reflecting on the decision, and concrete actions toward having a child. Besides the LGBTQ parents-to-be, significant others such as friends and the family of origin and external others such as donors and fertility clinics took part in the negotiations. Future parents needed to think about their desires in advance to enable fair and equal negotiations.
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