Dangerous Demographics? The Effect of Urbanisation and Metropolisation on African Civil Wars, 1961–2010

Schulz, Nicolai

doi:10.1080/13698249.2015.1100277

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Similarly, Cincotta, Engelman & Anastasion (2003) report that countries with rapid urbanization growth suffer from civil conflict. 8 Quantitative studies, on the other hand, do not confirm that urban population growth leads to a higher risk or frequency of social disorder (Schulz, 2015; Buhaug & Urdal, 2013; Urdal & Hoelscher, 2009), although very populous cities tend to see unrest more often (Bahgat, Buhaug & Urdal, 2018). Furthermore, it seems that rural-to-urban migration per se, one of the principal reasons for rising levels of urbanization, does not contribute to political violence in urban settings (Østby, 2016).…”

Section: Climate Change and Rural-to-urban Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental migrants and social-movement participation

Koubi

Nguyễn

Spilker

et al. 2020

Journal of Peace Research

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The displacement of people due to climatic changes (environmental migration) presents major societal and governance challenges. This article examines whether and how climate-induced rural-to-urban migration contributes to social-movement participation. We argue that the mainly forceful nature of relocation makes environmental migrants more likely to join and participate in social movements that promote migrant rights in urban areas. Using original survey data from Kenya, we find that individuals who had experienced several different types of severe climatic events at their previous location are more likely to join and participate in social movements. This finding has important policy implications. National and local authorities should not only provide immediate assistance and basic social services to environmental migrants in urban settings, but also facilitate permanent solutions by fostering their socio-economic and political integration in order to prevent urban conflict.

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Section: Climate Change and Rural-to-urban Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental migrants and social-movement participation

Koubi

Nguyễn

Spilker

et al. 2020

Journal of Peace Research

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“…Even more accurate might be an indicator of metropolization: How many urbanites live in the metropolis of a country? We assume that modernity is most pronounced in the metropolises, where the political, economic, and social life of a country is concentrated (Schulz, 2015). The inhabitant of the metropolis is most exposed to modernity and thus least inclined to adhere to traditional rules and to uphold loyalty toward traditional authorities.…”

Section: Explanatory Variables and Hypotheses: Political Demand And Smentioning

confidence: 99%

The Constitutionalization of Indigenous Group Rights, Traditional Political Institutions, and Customary Law

Holzinger

Haer

Bayer

et al. 2018

Comparative Political Studies

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Many constitutions of the world contain special provisions for indigenous communities, granting them particular rights and regulating their traditional political institutions and customary law. Building on rational theories of constitution-making, we employ a demand and supply framework to explain the constitutionalization of such provisions. To test our hypotheses, we code the presence of indigenous provisions in the current constitutions of 193 United Nations member states. We find full democracy and previous conflict to stimulate the inclusion of indigenous group rights but not of customary law and traditional institutions. Customary law and traditional institutions are more likely constitutionalized in countries with high ethnic fractionalization. Low levels of modernity affect particularly the constitutionalization of traditional political institutions, while low levels of development correlate with provisions on customary law. Former British colonies are more likely to constitutionalize customary law.

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“…For the second condition, the deconcentrated settlement pattern, we use metropolization (cf. Schulz, 2015, for the concept) and not urbanization as an indicator. First, what counts as ‘urban’ in absolute numbers varies widely across Sub-Saharan Africa rendering an absolute measure of urbanization incomparable.…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining the Constitutional Integration and Resurgence of Traditional Political Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa

2020

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Social scientists have recently observed a ‘resurgence’ of traditional political institutions on the constitutional level in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, the scope and causes of the resurgence remain unclear. We base our analysis on original data on the degree of constitutional integration of traditional institutions and on their constitutional resurgence since 1990 in 45 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. We test six theoretical explanations for constitutionalization: former colonial rule, democratization, state capacity, economic development, foreign aid and settlement patterns. First, we verify the broad resurgence of traditional political institutions on a constitutional level. Second, our analysis suggests that, particularly in former British colonies, traditional leaders were able to translate the arrangements of British colonial rule as well as the advantages of a country’s deconcentrated settlement pattern into greater constitutional status. Third, settlement patterns proved important for traditional leaders to gain or increase constitutional status – leading to a constitutional resurgence of traditional institutions.

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Dangerous Demographics? The Effect of Urbanisation and Metropolisation on African Civil Wars, 1961–2010

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Environmental migrants and social-movement participation

Environmental migrants and social-movement participation

The Constitutionalization of Indigenous Group Rights, Traditional Political Institutions, and Customary Law

Explaining the Constitutional Integration and Resurgence of Traditional Political Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa

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