Damage characteristics and influence factors of mountain tunnels under strong earthquakes

Abstract

A total of 81 mountain tunnels that were damaged in 10 strong earthquakes are studied. They are classified into six typical damage characteristics: lining cracks, shear failure of lining, tunnel collapse caused by slope failure, portal cracking, leaking, and deformation of sidewall/invert damage. Further study and discussion are carried out on influencing factors for mountain tunnels, including seismic parameters, structural information, and rock conditions. Suggestions are also made regarding seismic resistance and reduction.

Seismic damage assessment of mountain tunnel: A case study on the Tawarayama tunnel due to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

“…The typical cross section has a total width of 10.20 m and a maximum height of 7.97 m. NATM is assumed to be much better than the traditional method based on the conditions after earthquakes. This is because interaction between surrounding rock and tunnel using NATM performs better than that using traditonal method (Chen et al, 2012) . Support systems of the tunnel consist of primary support, waterproof layer, and secondary support.…”

“…Thus, conspicuous efforts of collection and classification on seismic damages to mountain tunnels due to earthquakes have been taken by many researchers, such as Dowding and Rozan(1978), Asakura (1996), Wang et al(2009), Li et al(2012), and Chen et al(2012). Dowding and Rozan (1978) suggested three forms of the seismic damages: damage by earthquake-induced ground failure, damage from fault displacement and damage from ground shaking or vibration.…”

“…Li et al(2012) analyzed characteristics of tunnel failures following the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 and categorized them into six types: avalanches and sliding towards the tunnel portal, cracking of the tunnel portals, collapse of the liner and surrounding rock, failure and dislocation of the lining, uplift and cracking of the tunnel invert, deformation and cracking of the preliminary bracing. Chen et al(2012) based on previous studies to summarize seven common damage characteristics according to manner of the structural damages: lining cracks, shear failure of lining, collapse caused by slope failure, portal cracking, leakage, wall deformation, and invert damage. In addition, database for seismic damages to tunnels due to earthquakes were developed to analyze main factors affecting stability of underground structures (Sharma and Judd, 1991) with case histories and remediation methods (Lanzano et al, 2008).…”

Application of the discontinuous deformation analysis method to stress wave propagation through a one-dimensional rock mass

“…1 These structural weak planes will greatly affect stress wave propagation, such as the seismic waves, which may cause serious casualties, enormous property losses, and further earthquake-induced disasters. [2][3][4] Seismic hazard investigation data 5,6 indicate that the rock mass may easily slip and collapse. Thus, it is of significance to study the stress wave propagation through a rock mass.…”

Selection of Optimal Intensity Measures in Seismic Damage Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridges Subjected to Far-Fault Ground Motions

“…For reinforced concrete (RC) building frames, the relationship between overall damage indices and various intensity measures has been investigated, and it was concluded that spectral acceleration, arias intensity and PGA demonstrates a strong correlation [Elenas and Liolios, 1995;Elenas and Meskouris, 2001;Nanos et al, 2008]. For mountain tunnels, it was concluded that PGA, spectral acceleration, spectral velocity and spectral displacement demonstrate a weak correlation with the damage indices [Chen et al, 2012]. For highway bridges, the PGA was commonly considered as an optimal intensity measure in fragility analysis based on efficiency, practicality, proficiency, sufficiency and hazard computability considerations [Padgett et al, 2008].…”