Damage Assessment and Modeling of the Five-Tiered Pagoda-Style Nyatapola Temple

Wood, Richard L.; Mohammadi, Mohammad Ebrahim; Barbosa, André R.; Abdulrahman, Linh; Soti, Rajendra; Kawan, Chandra Kiran; Shakya, Manjip; Olsen, Michael J.

doi:10.1193/121516eqs235m

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…There are some studies on the dynamic performance 1,6 , structural vulnerability 7 , and damage assessment 8-10 concerning the Nepalese Pagoda temples, but no studies on the Sikharas-style temple are present in scientific literature. Monumental structures and historic buildings are among the most vulnerable architectural typologies that can be affected by an earthquake 11,12 , and the dynamic performance of Nepalese Sikharas temple should be investigated [13][14][15] .…”

Section: Introduction and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage assessment of Nepal heritage through ambient vibration analysis and visual inspection

Russo

Spoldi

2020

Struct Control Health Monit

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Summary The aim of this paper is to identify, both through microtremor analysis and visual inspection, the collapse mechanisms of the Nepalese wood‐masonry monuments damaged by the 2015 seismic event that struck Kathmandu and its valley. The research analyses two case studies as the “Radha Krishna” temple located in Teku, a district in Kathmandu, and the “Pancha Deval complex” in Pashupati area. More specifically, after a careful anamnesis based on visual inspection and hypotheses on the temple's structural behaviour, global nondestructive testing (microtremor) was carried out for qualitative characterization of the structural system. The visual damage survey allowed to identify the recurring collapse mechanisms in the two case studies with the identification of typical Nepali expected damage. The case of Radha Krishna temple denotes a Nepali collapse mechanism typical in the corner of temples made of timber masonry, in which the mechanical contribution of the timber is manifested through columns and windows. The ambient vibration analysis carried out by tromograph device and microtremor evaluation allowed to dynamically characterize the two bases by identifying the peak frequencies both for Radha Krishna and for Pancha Deval complex. With the same device, the two historic constructions have been also studied in evaluating local modes and frequency. In the Pancha Deval complex, a relationship between damage, frequencies, and the amplification of the base was observed. In detail, the five buildings have similar damage and similar first frequencies (2.72–2.9 Hz). The most damaged sides are those with the frequencies close to the base (2.05–2.38 Hz).

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Section: Introduction and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage assessment of Nepal heritage through ambient vibration analysis and visual inspection

Russo

Spoldi

2020

Struct Control Health Monit

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“…The symmetrical design is generally less vulnerable to seismic load than the unsymmetrical design. Such a plinth may redistribute share forces throughout the structure, thus partly absorbing the impact of strong earthquake jolts (Wood et al 2017). Lateral forces of an earthquake are exacerbated by the top heaviness of the structure created by the heavy mass of the mud and tile covered roof (Shakya et al 2014).…”

Section: Nepalese Temples and Their Vulnerabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage Assessment and Dynamic Characteristics of Temples in Nepal Post Gorkha 2015 Earthquake

Spoldi

Russo

2019

International Journal of Architectural Heritage

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The aim of this paper is to identify, also through micro tremor analysis and numerical analysis, the collapse's mechanisms of the Nepalese wood-masonry monuments damaged by the 2015 seismic event that struck Kathmandu and its valley. The research analyses two case studies: The Radha Krishna and the Bhimsen Temples.After a careful anamnesis based on visual inspection and hypotheses on the temple's structural behaviour, a global dynamic ambient test (micro tremor) was carried out for qualitative characterisation of the structural system, residual stiffness and strengths.First, numerical models have been calibrated on mechanical parameters present in literature. The difference between experimental results and numerical model values is higher than 100% in the Radha Krishna temple and 70% in the case of Bhimsen temple. Considering this results, the models were calibrated on the experimental results. The modal analysis shows important mixed effect of torsional and flectional mode in the case of the Radha Krishna temple while in the Bhimsen temple local effects prevail. The capacity curve of Radha Krishna temple shows behavior close to collapse at 0.26 g, while the Bhimsen temple presents important damage at 0.3 in Z direction and 0.23 in X direction.

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“…The addition of horizontal and vertical wood bands within the masonry as a seismic retrofitting technique was also studied. Wood et al (2017) model a different tiered temple and compare results with damage. Existing condition measurements included lidar scanning and ambient vibration testing.…”

Section: Cultural Heritage Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake and the Earthquake Spectra Special Issue

et al. 2017

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On 25 April 2015, a Mw7.8 earthquake struck near Gorka, Nepal. The earth-quake and its aftershocks caused over 8,790 deaths and 22,300 injuries; a half a million homes were destroyed; and hundreds of historical and cultural monuments were destroyed or extensively damaged ( NPC 2015 ). Triggered landslides blocked access to road networks, and other lifelines were significantly impacted. Damage occurred in the capital of Kathmandu and the surrounding valley basin, but the most heavily affected areas were in more rural regions of central Nepal where losses to some towns were severe. Recovery has been slow, but progress is being made in rebuilding and repairing lost and damaged buildings and infrastructure. This Earthquake Spectra special issue provides a compendium of research papers on the Gorkha earthquake. They are organized into five topics: (1) seismology, ground motion, and geotechnical issues; (2) lifelines; (3) buildings; (4) cultural heritage structures; and (5) social science and public policy related topics. This overview summarizes key aspects of the earthquake and highlights findings from the special issue papers.

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Damage Assessment and Modeling of the Five-Tiered Pagoda-Style Nyatapola Temple

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Damage assessment of Nepal heritage through ambient vibration analysis and visual inspection

Damage assessment of Nepal heritage through ambient vibration analysis and visual inspection

Damage Assessment and Dynamic Characteristics of Temples in Nepal Post Gorkha 2015 Earthquake

Overview of the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake and the Earthquake Spectra Special Issue

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