Overview of the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake and the <i>Earthquake Spectra</i> Special Issue

Lizundia, Bret; Davidson, Rachel A.; Hashash, Youssef M. A.; Olshansky, Rob

doi:10.1193/120817eqs252m

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Ward-35 of Kathmandu did not suffer significant damage as shown by documentation collected in post-earthquake reconnaissance reports (e.g., Goda et al, 2015;Gautam and Chaulagain, 2016;Build Change Org, 2015;Lizundia et al, 2016;Shakya and Kawan, 2016;Lizundia et al, 2017). Most of the buildings are of recent construction, with 16% of building built since 2010 when the new NBC was released with advice on improved construction practice.…”

Section: Building Database For Ward-35mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…On April 25, 2015, an earthquake of a magnitude (M W ) 7.8 struck Nepal at 06:11 a.m. UTM in the district of Lamjung in the Gandaki administrative zone, 77 km from the capital of Kathmandu (population of 1.5 million), causing 8,790 deaths and 22,300 injuries (Lizundia et al, 2017). The earthquake was followed by three aftershocks of M W greater than 6.0 at 06:15 a.m. and 06:45 a.m. on April 25 and at 07:36 a.m. on April 26.…”

Section: Building Portfolio Validation-ward-35 Database Gorkha 2015 E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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FAST-NEPAL: Regionally Calibrated Spectral Method for Reinforced Concrete With Masonry Infills

Cross

Luca

Woods

et al. 2022

Front. Built Environ.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) with masonry infill is one of the most common structural typologies in Nepal, especially in the Kathmandu Valley. Masonry infills are typically made of solid clay bricks produced locally in Nepal. This study aims to calibrate the spectral-based analytical method, namely, FAST, for Nepalese RC-infilled buildings. The FAST method has been initially conceived for Southern European RC buildings with hollow clay brick infills. The calibration is achieved by reviewing code prescriptions and construction practices for RC masonry infills in Nepal and updating the FAST method. The variables of FAST method are calibrated using different information sources and a Bayesian updating procedure to consider the global and local material properties for solid clay bricks. The FAST-NEPAL method obtained is then verified, considering a single school design, for which a detailed state-of-the-art vulnerability assessment is available. Being particularly suitable for large-scale assessment, the method is further validated using data from Ward-35 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (in the vicinity of Tribhuvan International Airport) obtained from photographic documentation included in a geo-referenced database of buildings collected after the 2015 Nepal earthquake and prepared for census purposes. The comparisons show that the FAST-NEPAL method can be conservative relative to the other data sources for vulnerability and is more accurate at capturing low-level damage. This makes the approach suitable for large-scale preliminary assessment of vulnerability for prioritisation purposes.

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Section: Building Database For Ward-35mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Building Portfolio Validation-ward-35 Database Gorkha 2015 E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

FAST-NEPAL: Regionally Calibrated Spectral Method for Reinforced Concrete With Masonry Infills

Cross

Luca

Woods

et al. 2022

Front. Built Environ.

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“…The 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake (M8) destroyed more than 80,000 buildings and claimed 8,500 lives 2 . The 2015 Gorkha earthquake (M7.8) destroyed half million homes, causing more than 8,790 deaths and 22,300 injuries 3 .…”

Section: Introduction and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage assessment of Nepal heritage through ambient vibration analysis and visual inspection

Russo

Spoldi

2020

Struct Control Health Monit

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Summary The aim of this paper is to identify, both through microtremor analysis and visual inspection, the collapse mechanisms of the Nepalese wood‐masonry monuments damaged by the 2015 seismic event that struck Kathmandu and its valley. The research analyses two case studies as the “Radha Krishna” temple located in Teku, a district in Kathmandu, and the “Pancha Deval complex” in Pashupati area. More specifically, after a careful anamnesis based on visual inspection and hypotheses on the temple's structural behaviour, global nondestructive testing (microtremor) was carried out for qualitative characterization of the structural system. The visual damage survey allowed to identify the recurring collapse mechanisms in the two case studies with the identification of typical Nepali expected damage. The case of Radha Krishna temple denotes a Nepali collapse mechanism typical in the corner of temples made of timber masonry, in which the mechanical contribution of the timber is manifested through columns and windows. The ambient vibration analysis carried out by tromograph device and microtremor evaluation allowed to dynamically characterize the two bases by identifying the peak frequencies both for Radha Krishna and for Pancha Deval complex. With the same device, the two historic constructions have been also studied in evaluating local modes and frequency. In the Pancha Deval complex, a relationship between damage, frequencies, and the amplification of the base was observed. In detail, the five buildings have similar damage and similar first frequencies (2.72–2.9 Hz). The most damaged sides are those with the frequencies close to the base (2.05–2.38 Hz).

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“…Nepal is enriched with a vast collection of significant historical and cultural heritage sites. Kathmandu Valley itself is home to seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Lizundia et al , 2017a). The UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu are well-known around the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthquakes on 25th April 2015 (epicentre Gorkha) and on 12th May 2015 (epicentre Dolakha and Sindhupalchowk) occurred (Lizundia et al , 2017a). Immediately after the disaster, the Nepal government prepared a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) report, including sectoral damage and the amount required to repair the sectors (GoN, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of social capital in the recovery of cultural built heritage

Aryal

Wilkinson

2019

IJDRBE

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Purpose Social capitals in a community are in the form of bonding, bridging and linking through social networks. This paper aims to determine the role of social capital in the recovery process of cultural heritage sites. It identifies the existing social capital and the role of community. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on the existing literature reviews complemented by the questionnaire survey. Three disaster-affected cultural heritage sites in Kathmandu were selected for the study. The questionnaire survey and group discussion with 300 disaster survivors were conducted. Findings This paper discusses social capital and its limitations for recovery. It proposes a new model of disaster recovery based on social capital and community. Research limitations/implications This research is based on the region with high social capital. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test in the low social capital community. Practical implications The approach of disaster recovery discussed in this paper can be implemented in the cultural heritage rebuilding after the disaster. Social implications This paper is based on social capital and community involvement. This paper identifies the importance of community involvement in the recovery. Originality/value The paper identified that during the recovery, in addition to social capitals, the role of community participation is unavoidable. This paper demonstrated how recovery is complicated despite external resources without community participation.

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Overview of the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake and the Earthquake Spectra Special Issue

Cited by 25 publications

References 37 publications

FAST-NEPAL: Regionally Calibrated Spectral Method for Reinforced Concrete With Masonry Infills

FAST-NEPAL: Regionally Calibrated Spectral Method for Reinforced Concrete With Masonry Infills

Damage assessment of Nepal heritage through ambient vibration analysis and visual inspection

The role of social capital in the recovery of cultural built heritage

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