Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community‐dwelling elderly Thai

Abstract

Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community-dwelling elderly ThaiObjectives: The purposes of this study were (i) to estimate the prevalence of oral malodour, (ii) to evaluate the daily variation of oral malodour and (iii) to assess associations of volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations with socio-demographics, health behaviours and oral health status in communitydwelling elderly Thai. Methods: The subjects were 428 dentate elderly people (67.6 ± 5.6 years) living in Phitsaulok, Thailand. Information on their socio-demographics, general health and health behaviours was obtained by a questionnaire. Their dental condition, periodontal status and tongue coating were clinically examined. Their flow rates and the pH of unstimulated saliva were also assessed. Oral malodour was measured at four different times of day using an Oral ChromaÔ. Results: The proportions of subjects diagnosed with oral malodour using the thresholds of H 2 S, CH 3 SH and (CH 3 ) 2 S were 60.5%, 62.9% and 80.7%, respectively. Concentrations of H 2 S showed significant daily variation. Linear regression analysis demonstrated the following significant associations: (i) oral malodour from H 2 S and thickness of the tongue coating, (ii) oral malodour from CH 3 SH and periodontal pocket depth of 5 mm or more and the presence of gingival bleeding and (iii) oral malodour from (CH 3 ) 2 S and systemic disease, medications and thickness of the tongue coating. Discussion: Oral malodour was shown to be prevalent among the elderly. Daily variation was observed in the concentration of H 2 S. Tongue coating, periodontal disease, systemic diseases and medications were related to oral malodour. Therefore, these factors should be taken into consideration in oral malodour treatment and prevention programmes for the elderly.

The effect of periodontal therapy on intra‐oral halitosis: a case series

“…Studies demonstrating that periodontitis is associated with intra-oral halitosis are consistent with our finding that improvement of periodontal conditions also results in the reduction of intra-oral halitosis (Miyazaki et al 1995, Morita & Wang 2001, Liu et al 2006, Samnieng et al 2012. The results from Paper III are consistent with other studies demonstrating reductions of VSC levels shortly after non-surgical periodontal therapy (≤4 weeks) (Quirynen et al 1998, Kara et al 2008, Tsai et al 2008, Takeuchi et al 2010.…”

“…Quirynen et al (2009) reported gingivitis to be the cause in 4 % of cases and periodontitis in 7 % of cases. Gingival bleeding and periodontal pockets have been associated with high levels of MM (Samnieng et al 2012). High levels of MM and H 2 S were also reported in periodontitis patients by Yaegaki & Sanada (1992 a,b).…”

“…If 75 ppb of H 2 S in the exhaled air was considered as the socially acceptable level, 23% in the late morning and 6% in the early afternoon had halitosis (Miyazaki et al 1995). Another study, however, failed to show significant variation during the day (Samnieng et al 2012). …”

“…Sixty-two percent of elderly individuals living in a nursing home in Sweden were convinced of having halitosis (Zellmer et al 2016). There are, however, conflicting results regarding the impact of age on intra-oral halitosis (Nadanovsky et al 2007, Samnieng et al 2012). …”

“…Individuals with intra-oral halitosis appear to have more tongue coating than individuals without intra-oral halitosis (Oho et al 2001). The thickness of tongue coating has been associated with levels of H 2 S (Samnieng et al 2012). Tongue coating has been reported as a major reason for intra-oral halitosis (Yaegaki & Sanada 1992a).…”