Daily life activity and risk of developing impaired fasting glucose or Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between daily life activity and risk of developing diabetes. Methods. The study population included 2924 Japanese male office workers aged 35 to 59 years who did not have IFG (fasting plasma glucose level 6.1-6.9 mmol/l), Type 2 diabetes (fasting plasma glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/l and/or medication for diabetes) or a history of cardiovascular disease, and were not receiving medication for hypertension. A 1-day activity record during an ordinary weekday was used to estimate daily energy expenditure. Fasting glucose levels were measured at annual health examinations performed in May from 1994 to 2001. Results. Over a 7-year follow-up period the relative risk of IFG and Type 2 diabetes decreased with increasing daily energy expenditure after controlling for potential predictors of diabetes (p<0.001 and p=0.001 for trend respectively). The age-adjusted relative risk of IFG or Type 2 diabetes decreased with increasing energy expenditure on occupational physical activity, brisk walking, riding on vehicles (standing position) to and from work and other physical activities (all p<0.001 for trend). The association with riding on vehicles (standing position) and other physical activities remained after controlling for other potential confounders of diabetes (p=0.026 and p=0.003 for trend respectively). Results of stratified analyses by the presence or absence of different risk factors for diabetes revealed that the risk of IFG or Type 2 diabetes was inversely related to daily energy expenditure both in men at low risk of diabetes and those at high risk. Conclusions/interpretation. Physical activity in daily life is inversely associated with the risk of developing IFG or Type 2 diabetes.

Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

“…The majority of studies (24 cohorts) yielded information on the association between LTPA and type 2 diabetes (28 observations), while four cohorts [39,[57][58][59] reported findings on total PA. Overall, this review includes 1,261,991 individuals and 84,134 incident cases of type 2 diabetes.…”

“…Follow-up time varied from 3 [42] to 23.1 [60] years. Twelve studies were conducted in the USA [12,14,35,38,46,58,[60][61][62][63][64][65], six in Asia [47,57,59,[66][67][68], two in Australia [40,42] and eight across Europe [13,36,37,39,41,[69][70][71]. All cohorts relied on self-reported PA collected using questionnaires or by interview, apart from one study in Hawaiians [58].…”

Physical Activity of Moderate Intensity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

“…Lack of adjustment for light-intensity physical activity or sedentary activities may also have resulted in residual confounding (15,19). Furthermore, the included studies mostly focused on leisure time physical activity, but commuting and occupational activities can also contribute importantly to the accumulation of moderately intense physical activity for the reduction of diabetes risk (20,34).…”

Development of an Evaluation Scale for Self-Management Behavior Related to Physical Activity of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

“…(17), the reliability and validity of the scale were therefore thoroughly evaluated. The benefits of moderately intense daily physical activity for preventing and managing type 2 diabetes and preventing cardiovascular disease are becoming well known (2,3). "Increasing the number of steps through shopping activities," "Increasing the frequency of household activities," and "Increasing the number of steps through commuting activities" are included in what patients can do to increase their daily physical activity, although these activities have recently been found to be decreasing (20).…”

“…Even moderately intense physical activity through daily activities is beneficial for management of this condition (2,3). However, many patients fail to achieve the recommended level of physical activity (4) because of barriers such as the commonly given reason of "perceived difficulty in exercising" (5).…”