Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Smith, A. C. H.; Crippa, Alessio; Woodcock, James; Brage, Sören

doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4079-0

Cited by 291 publications

(274 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Seasonality of birth has been demonstrated for many aspects of metabolic syndrome, including high systolic blood pressure [82], obesity [83,84] and also dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and CVD [85]. The seasonal pattern of birth for childhood autoimmune (type 1) diabetic patients was reported repeatedly (see, e.g., [96]), while the seasonality of birth for T2D adult persons was observed only in a few studies.…”

Section: Seasonality Of Birthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Type 2 Diabetes: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence

Vaiserman

2017

Nutrients

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Consistent evidence from both experimental and human studies suggest that inadequate nutrition in early life can contribute to risk of developing metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adult life. In human populations, most findings supporting a causative relationship between early-life malnutrition and subsequent risk of T2D were obtained from quasi-experimental studies (‘natural experiments’). Prenatal and/or early postnatal exposures to famine were demonstrated to be associated with higher risk of T2D in many cohorts around the world. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of epigenetic regulation of gene expression as a possible major contributor to the link between the early-life famine exposure and T2D in adulthood. Findings from these studies suggest that prenatal exposure to the famine may result in induction of persistent epigenetic changes that have adaptive significance in postnatal development but can predispose to metabolic disorders including T2D at the late stages of life. In this review, quasi-experimental data on the developmental programming of T2D are summarized and recent research findings on changes in DNA methylation that mediate these effects are discussed.

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Section: Seasonality Of Birthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Type 2 Diabetes: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence

Vaiserman

2017

Nutrients

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“…The relationship in this analysis was curvilinear between the two factors. The authors found a risk reduction of 26% for type 2 diabetes among people who achieved about 11.25 MET (metabolic equivalent of task) hours per week (equivalent to 150 min per week of moderate activity) relative to inactive individuals (6).…”

Section: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 98%

Technology in Diabetes Treatment: Update and Future

Schiel¹,

Bambauer²,

Steveling

2018

Artificial Organs

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Worldwide the number of people with diabetes mellitus is increasing. There are estimations that diabetes is one of the leading causes of death. The most important goals for the treatment of diabetes are self‐management of the disease and an optimal quality of diabetes control. In the therapy new technologies, like real‐time continuous interstitial glucose monitoring, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), electronic tools for the monitoring of therapeutic approaches, automated bolus calculators for insulin and electronic tools for education and information of patients, have become widespread and play important roles. All these efforts are related to the interaction between patients, caregivers, scientists or researchers and industry. The presentation of different aspects of new technological approaches in the present article should give more information about different technologies. However, because of the rather quickly appearance of new technologies, the presentation can only be a spotlight. Further studies are mandatory to analyze the effects and long‐term benefits of each technology and electronic device.

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“…shows that greater health gains are accrued from increasing leisure-time PA compared with total PA (344). In addition, gains from vigorous PA were found to be higher than from moderate and total PA.…”

Section:  Improve Dose-response For the Association Of Pa And Healthmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…A limitation of this and similar studies (175) results from not knowing the exact shape of the association PA-health. Recent studies assessing the association of PA with health and using continuous exposure indicate greatest benefits at low levels of PA (48,344). The level of ambient air pollution in Brisbane is one of the lowest observed in the world (345), and relative risks for PM2.5 are based on data from more polluted locations, resulting in uncertainty at the lowest part of the exposure-response relationship (88).…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the original ACE-prevention PA study (94) and in the baseline scenario for the study in Chapter 5, it was assumed that PA is linearly associated with positive health outcomes. This is a rather conservative assumption, and there is now convincing evidence indicating that PA accrues the greatest health gains for the least 157 active (48,344). Hence, in Chapter 8, results are based on a non-linear dose-response.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Modelling the health and economic impact of built environment interventions

Diomedi¹,

Belén²

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BackgroundIn Australia, over half (57%) of the adult population is not meeting national physical activity guidelines. This is concerning, given that physical inactivity is a well-known preventable risk factor for several chronic diseases. Physical inactivity was estimated to cost Australians 124,000 disability-adjusted life years annually (2015) and a significant proportion of the healthcare budget. Furthermore, physically inactive people are more likely to be absent from work, underperform, or both, impacting negatively on their career prospects and national output.In Australia, the majority of the people live in urban areas (90%) and population projections show significant growth in its main cities. Hence, shaping cities such that they contribute to healthy behaviours is key to building a healthy and prosperous population. The research community can contribute to a healthy expansion of Australian cities by producing context specific evidence for the potential of the built environment to enhance population health. AimsThe overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the evidence on the potential health and economic benefits of investing in built environments that are supportive of physical activity. ii MethodsTwo systematic reviews were conducted to address RQ 1 and 3, applying rigorous methods to ensure objectivity in the selection of literature. For RQ 2, 4 and 5, a multi-state life-table modelling approach, developed as part of the Assessing Cost Effectiveness in Prevention study, was updated and expanded. For RQ 2, the model was used to estimate health-adjusted life years (HALYs) and healthcare costs attributable to changes in exposure to attributes of the built environment within the neighbourhood area. For RQ 4, the methods applied to answer RQ 2 were expanded, and describe a method to estimate the health benefits of physical activity that can be included in cost-benefit analyses of built environment interventions. Lastly, the model is significantly expanded for RQ 5, with the addition of exposure to air pollution and road trauma. These are added to physical activity to assess the likely overall health impact of Brisbane achieving its proposed travel targets (15% of trips walking, 5% cycling and 14% using public transport). Main findingsFor the Australian setting, recent evidence indicates that features of the built environment in neighbourhoods, including the availability of destinations and diverse use of lands, can support physical activity, and especially walking (RQ 1). Improvements in the built environment within the neighbourhood can therefore significantly contribute to population health (RQ2). However, it is uncertain whether improved health will translate into healthcare costs savings, as initial reductions may be offset by healthcare costs in added life years. The evidence demonstrating the economic merit of active transport interventions has been growing markedly over the last 10 years (RQ3). Cost-benefit analysis is a widely used method for the economic appraisal of interventions ...

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Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Cited by 291 publications

References 79 publications

Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Type 2 Diabetes: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence

Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Type 2 Diabetes: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence

Technology in Diabetes Treatment: Update and Future

Modelling the health and economic impact of built environment interventions

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