Daily behavioral activities of bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw 1802)

Termociclo diário ou regime térmico constante durante a exposição à alta temperatura: Efeitos sobre a ritmicidade comportamental, o estresse e a habilidade imunológica de rãs-touro americanas Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)

“…As a consequence, the behavioral choice of microhabitat also showed no robust day-night pattern. Otherwise, previous study by Arruda et al (2014) found that bullfrogs' movement on dry ground was more intense during the day at temperatures around 29 °C than during the night, at temperatures around 24 °C. Given the considerable differences of protocol associated with these contrasting results, more studies would contribute to clarify whether there is a temporal basis underlying the microhabitat preference in bullfrogs.…”

“…The feeding behavior, described by means of feeding success and voluntary food intake, presented slightly higher values in the beginning of the night, from 18 h to 24 h, in frogs under the T24 regimen but not when exposed to heat in the other two regimens (Figure 9). In contrast, Casali (2010) and Arruda et al (2014) found that post metamorphic bullfrogs under fluctuating temperatures are more likely to ingest food during dawn. Adding methodological differences, the behavioral pattern of juvenile bullfrogs may contrast with that of post metamorphic frogs, as well as with recent evidence of nocturnal traces in adult bullfrogs found in field studies on ecology and calling behavior, and in laboratory studies on hormonal daily variation (HÖDL;AMÉZQUITA, 2001;LAUFER et al, 2017;TITON et al, 2021).…”

“…In the present study, we expected that the use of a daily temperature cycle would enhance day-night organization of behavior and physiology in ectothermic anurans. In chronobiological research, activity is one major indicator of this temporal organization (ASCHOFF, 1971), and the absence of a day-night pattern of locomotor activity in the T24 regimen (Figure 7) would be an indication that the bullfrogs are arrhythmic (ARRUDA et al, 2014;HADFIELD;CLAYTON;BARNETT, 2006;KRUPA, 2002). However, in contrast to arrythmicity at constant 24 °C, bullfrogs under T30 and T24-30 regimens displayed significant day-night activity organization.…”