D<scp>EFENSIVE</scp> R<scp>ESIN</scp> B<scp>IOSYNTHESIS IN</scp> C<scp>ONIFERS</scp>

Trapp, Susan; Croteau, Rodney

doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.689

Cited by 354 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Terpenes are used in conifers as constitutive defenses (a first line of defense against any enemy) but also as induced defenses against pathogens; increases in absolute amounts, proportional changes, phytoalexin production, and general or specific responses to an antagonist can appear at different time points following infection (Michelozzi 1999). Oleoresin is secreted from injured or infected tissues, thus deterring fungal pathogens or insects and sealing the wound at the same time (Trapp and Croteau 2001). Hundreds of studies have demonstrated that terpenes can strongly inhibit fungal spore germination and mycelial growth (see reviews by Bakkali et al 2008;Boulogne et al 2012 and references therein) by disrupting internal structures and permeabilizing fungal cells (Bakkali et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Induction of Minor Terpenes in Italian Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, in Response to Infection by the Fungus Seiridium cardinale

Achotegui-Castells

Danti²,

Llusià

et al. 2015

J Chem Ecol

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Seiridium cardinale, the main fungal pathogen responsible for cypress bark canker, is the largest threat to cypresses worldwide. The terpene response of canker-resistant clones of Italian cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, to two differently aggressive isolates of S. cardinale was studied. Phloem terpene concentrations, foliar terpene concentrations, as well as foliar terpene emission rates were analyzed 1, 10, 30, and 90 days after artificial inoculation with fungal isolates. The phloem surrounding the inoculation point exhibited de novo production of four oxygenated monoterpenes and two unidentified terpenes. The concentrations of several constitutive mono-and diterpenes increased strongly (especially α-thujene, sabinene, terpinolene, terpinen-4-ol, oxygenated monoterpenes, manool, and two unidentified diterpenes) as the infection progressed. The proportion of minor terpenes in the infected cypresses increased markedly from the first day after inoculation (from 10 % in the control to 30-50 % in the infected treatments). Foliar concentrations showed no clear trend, but emission rates peaked at day 10 in infected trees, with higher δ-3-carene (15-fold) and total monoterpene (10-fold) emissions than the control. No substantial differences were found among cypresses infected by the two fungal isolates. These results suggest that cypresses activate several direct and indirect chemical defense mechanisms after infection by S. cardinale.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Induction of Minor Terpenes in Italian Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, in Response to Infection by the Fungus Seiridium cardinale

Achotegui-Castells

Danti²,

Llusià

et al. 2015

J Chem Ecol

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“…While the functions of some BVOCs are now well understood -ranging from protection against herbivory (monoterpenes; Trapp and Croteau, 2001) to by-products of plant growth (methanol;Fall, 2003) -the function of another important BVOC, isoprene, is still debated (Sharkey and Singsaas, 1995;Rosenstiel et al, 2004;Loreto et al, 2001;Sharkey et al, 2008). This study focuses on isoprene (C 5 H 8 ), which accounts for 500 to 750 Tg of carbon emitted globally per year .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoprene emissions from a tundra ecosystem

et al. 2013

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Whole-system fluxes of isoprene from a moist acidic tundra ecosystem and leaf-level emission rates of isoprene from a common species (Salix pulchra) in that same ecosystem were measured during three separate field campaigns. The field campaigns were conducted during the summers of 2005, 2010 and 2011 and took place at the Toolik Field Station (68.6° N, 149.6° W) on the north slope of the Brooks Range in Alaska, USA. The maximum rate of whole-system isoprene flux measured was over 1.2 mg C m−2 h−1 with an air temperature of 22 °C and a PAR level over 1500 μmol m−2 s−1. Leaf-level isoprene emission rates for S. pulchra averaged 12.4 nmol m−2 s−1 (27.4 μg C gdw−1 h−1) extrapolated to standard conditions (PAR = 1000 μmol m−2 s−1 and leaf temperature = 30 °C). Leaf-level isoprene emission rates were well characterized by the Guenther algorithm for temperature with published coefficients, but less so for light. Chamber measurements from a nearby moist acidic tundra ecosystem with little S. pulchra emitted significant amounts of isoprene, but at lower rates (0.45 mg C m−2 h−1) suggesting other significant isoprene emitters. Comparison of our results to predictions from a global model found broad agreement, but a detailed analysis revealed some significant discrepancies. An atmospheric chemistry box model predicts that the observed isoprene emissions have a significant impact on Arctic atmospheric chemistry, including a reduction of hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Our results support the prediction that isoprene emissions from Arctic ecosystems will increase with global climate change

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“…These emissions can attract predators and parasites of arthropod herbivores in certain forms of indirect defense (Kessler and Baldwin, 2002). Two classes of terpenoids, the monoterpenoids (10 carbon atoms) and diterpenoids (20 carbon atoms), provide the majority of constitutive and induced oleoresin defense metabolites in conifers Seybold et al, 2000;Trapp and Croteau, 2001a;Martin et al, 2002;Fig. 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of Nine Norway Spruce TPS Genes and Evolution of Gymnosperm Terpene Synthases of the TPS-d Subfamily

2004

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Constitutive and induced terpenoids are important defense compounds for many plants against potential herbivores and pathogens. In Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst), treatment with methyl jasmonate induces complex chemical and biochemical terpenoid defense responses associated with traumatic resin duct development in stems and volatile terpenoid emissions in needles. The cloning of (1)-3-carene synthase was the first step in characterizing this system at the molecular genetic level. Here we report the isolation and functional characterization of nine additional terpene synthase (TPS) cDNAs from Norway spruce. These cDNAs encode four monoterpene synthases, myrcene synthase, (2)-limonene synthase, (2)-a/bpinene synthase, and (2)-linalool synthase; three sesquiterpene synthases, longifolene synthase, E,E-a-farnesene synthase, and E-a-bisabolene synthase; and two diterpene synthases, isopimara-7,15-diene synthase and levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase, each with a unique product profile. To our knowledge, genes encoding isopimara-7,15-diene synthase and longifolene synthase have not been previously described, and this linalool synthase is the first described from a gymnosperm. These functionally diverse TPS account for much of the structural diversity of constitutive and methyl jasmonate-induced terpenoids in foliage, xylem, bark, and volatile emissions from needles of Norway spruce. Phylogenetic analyses based on the inclusion of these TPS into the TPS-d subfamily revealed that functional specialization of conifer TPS occurred before speciation of Pinaceae. Furthermore, based on TPS enclaves created by distinct branching patterns, the TPS-d subfamily is divided into three groups according to sequence similarities and functional assessment. Similarities of TPS evolution in angiosperms and modeling of TPS protein structures are discussed.

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DEFENSIVE RESIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN CONIFERS

Cited by 354 publications

References 102 publications

Strong Induction of Minor Terpenes in Italian Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, in Response to Infection by the Fungus Seiridium cardinale

Strong Induction of Minor Terpenes in Italian Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, in Response to Infection by the Fungus Seiridium cardinale

Isoprene emissions from a tundra ecosystem

Functional Characterization of Nine Norway Spruce TPS Genes and Evolution of Gymnosperm Terpene Synthases of the TPS-d Subfamily

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