D-002 (beeswax alcohols): Concurrent joint health benefits and gastroprotection

Abstract

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs include the traditional drugs and more selective COX-2 inhibitors. Traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use is hampered by their gastrotoxicity, while COX-2-inhibitors increase the cardiovascular risk. The search of safer substances for managing inflammatory conditions is updated, a challenge wherein dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors have a place. This review summarizes the benefits of D-002, a mixture of higher aliphatic beeswax alcohols, on joint health and gastric mucosa. D-002 elicits gastroprotection through a multiple mechanism that involves the increased secretion and improved quality of the gastric mucus, the reduction of hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, neutrophil infiltration and the increase of antioxidant enzymes on the gastric mucosa. Consistently, D-002 inhibits NSAIDs, ethanol, pylorus-ligation and acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats, and has reduced gastrointestinal symptoms in clinical studies. Early results found that D-002 was effective in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma and carrageenan-induced pleurisy model in rats, lowering pleural leukotriene B4 levels without causing gastrointestinal ulceration. However, D-002 effects on inflammation received little attention for years. Recent data have shown that D-002 inhibited both COX and 5-LOX activities with a greater affinity for 5-LOX and could act as a dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor. This mechanism might explain efficacy in experimental inflammatory and osteoarthritic models as well as clinical efficacy in osteoarthritic patients while supporting the lack of D-002 gastrotoxicity, but not the gastroprotective effects, which appear to be due to multiple mechanisms. In summary oral D-002 intake could help manage inflammatory conditions that impair joint health, while offering gastroprotection.

Beeswax Alcohol (BWA) Protects Lipoproteins From Oxidation to Rescue Embryo Death From Acute Toxicity and to Exert Antioxidant Activities in Serum of Subjects With Sixties Individuals After 12 Weeks Consumption of BWA 100 mg/Day

“…A prior study [29] highlighted the metal-chelating activity of octacosanol, thereby corroborating the current results, given that octacosanol is an essential component of BWA. Additionally, the results follow the previous reports suggesting the impact of BWA on the prevention of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of protein in the gastric mucosa of rats [13,14,38]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study so far documented the effect of BWA on preventing the LDL protein (apo-B) and lipid peroxidation.…”

“…Beeswax alcohol (BWA) is a blend of six linear aliphatic alcohols (of carbon chain C24 to C34) extracted from beeswax [12]. BWA is well recognized for its diverse bio-functionality, including antioxidant, anti-platelet, and anti-inflammatory activity, by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5lipoxygenase (5-LOX) [12,13]. However, the most noteworthy role of BWA was established as a gastroprotective agent.…”

In vitro antibacterial activity and volatile characterisation of organic Apis mellifera ligustica (Spinola, 1906) beeswax ethanol extracts

“…Beeswax has been historically used in medicines for its e□ectiveness against dermatitis, gastrointestinal disease and inflammation; nowa-days it is still present in several traditional and alternative medicines (Lewis et al, 2012;Molina, Mas, & Carbajal, 2015;Stacey, 2011;Zamora et al, 2014).…”

Phytochemical Profile and Gastroprotective Activity of Eugenia Mattosii Fruits

“…The gastroprotective activity caused by NSAIDs exert serious side effects such as bleeding, acute lesions, gastric ulcers, difficulty in healing of gastric ulcers (23) and toxicity (24) . The search for more effective and safe treatments is of extreme importance, especially those derived from natural products, demonstrating the relevance of the present study.…”