Cytoxicity test of NaOCl and Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostin L.) peel extract used as an irrigation solution in human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells (HPdLFc)

Abstract

Background: Root canal irrigation is an important stage in root canal treatment as it is requires to eliminate necrotic and debris tissue as well as root canal wetting. Unfortunately, root canal irrigation can cause the material utilised to pass into the apical foramen leading to periapical complications. Consequently, the irrigation solution should have low toxicity. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a commonly used irrigation solution since it has antibacterial properties. Moreover, NaOCl is also known to have the ability to dissolve necrotic tissue, vital pulp tissue and organic components of dentin and biofilms. Nevertheless, it can still cause damage when coming into contact with periapical tissues. On the other hand, Mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.), also has antibacterial activities. Hence, Mangosteen peel extract is assumed to be employable as an alternative irrigation solution. Purpose: This research aimed to reveal the toxicity levels of NaOCl and Mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostin L.) used as irrigation solution in human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells (HPdLFc). Methods: HPdLFc were obtained from periapical tissues taken from one third of the first premolar teeth cultured. These cells were subsequently divided into several groups exposed to NaOCl and Mangosteen peel extract at certain concentrations. A toxicity test was then conducted using MTT assay. The results were analyzed with an Elisa reader. Cell deaths and LC50 were then calculated. Results: NaOCl became toxic at a concentration of 0.254 µl/ml or 0.025%, while Mangosteen peel extract became so at one of 2.099 ug/ml or 0.209%. Conclusion: NaOCl can be toxic at a concentration of 0.254 µl/ml or 0.025% and Mangosteen peel extract at one of 2.099 μg/ml or 0.209%.

Endodontic Retreatment Using Reciprocal File System in Underfilled Root Canal: A Case Report

“…Bacterial elimination from the root canal holds the key to a successful endodontic treatment. 9,10 The primary factor to achieve this and to prevent future intrusion of bacteria is a thorough and meticulous technique. When these factors are taken into account, success rate has been shown to be as high as 94%.…”

Nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract in a mucoadhesive patch for periodontitis regenerative treatment: An in vivo study

“… 13 Mangosteen rind consists of active chemical ingredients such as xanthone, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, phenol, gartanine, garcinon, vitamins B1, B2, terpenes, anthocyanins, and other biologically active substances that support its medicinal properties. 14 The significant bioactive secondary metabolites of mangosteen are xanthones derivatives (i.e., α- and γ-mangosteen have antioxidant, antiproliferative, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects). 15 , 16 Xanthone substances have considerable ability to regulate and minimize oxidative damage by hampering or preventing oxidation caused by reactive oxygen species, thus inhibiting the degeneration of cells.…”

Cytotoxicity test of apple cider vinegar as a root canal irrigant against fibroblast cells

“…2 Fibroblast cells are the main cells in the periodontal ligament, so the irrigation solution that comes out of the apical foramen will cause a cytotoxic effect on fibroblast cells and complications in the periapical tissue. 3,4 The cytotoxic effects of irrigants can cause periapical tissue degeneration and delayed wound healing due to irritation and tissue damage. 3 Research conducted by Karkehabadi on the cytotoxicity test of NaOCl irrigating solution on human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells (HPdLFc) found that NaOCl was toxic at a concentration of 0.025%, while at a concentration of 0.4% it caused the death of all cells.…”

“…3,4 The cytotoxic effects of irrigants can cause periapical tissue degeneration and delayed wound healing due to irritation and tissue damage. 3 Research conducted by Karkehabadi on the cytotoxicity test of NaOCl irrigating solution on human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells (HPdLFc) found that NaOCl was toxic at a concentration of 0.025%, while at a concentration of 0.4% it caused the death of all cells. 5 The entry of NaOCl into the periapical tissue can occur because of the wide apical foramen, lack of apical constriction, and high pressure during root canal irrigation.…”