Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Alterations Induced by Traditional and Nanoform of Pendimethalin in Freshwater Alga Chlorella vulgaris

Abstract

The roles of pendimethalin and its nano-form to induce oxidative stress, osmolytes, biochemical alterations and cytotoxic effect in algal cells of Chlorella vulgaris after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations were carried out. The data indicated that, 96-h EC 50 values were 20 and 19 ppb for pendimethalin and its nano-form, respectively. Three concentration levels (0.1EC 50 , 0.025EC 50 and EC 50 ) of the examined herbicide decreased the algal pigments (Chlorophyll a and b), but increased carotenoid contents compared with the control group. Biomolecules such as protein, carbohydrates, proline and sucrose of the algal cells significantly increased for the all treatments compared with the control groups. Similarly, malondialdehyde (MDA), some enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed significant increases for the all treatments. On the other hand, ultrastructural investigation of the herbicide-treated algal cells showed significant changes in their organelles in comparing with the untreated cells through transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. From all findings, it was obtained that the nano-pendimethalin was more potential toxic than the traditional form to induce adverse effects on the freshwater alga. Thus, biosafety procedures must be followed on non-target species before decision for nano-herbicide practices.

Evaluation of DNA Damage, Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, and Status of Antioxidant Enzymes in Freshwater Fish (Labeo rohita) Exposed to Pyriproxyfen

“…ROS production is primarily influenced by toxicant concentrations, cellular backgrounds, duration, and exposure time [1]. Pyriproxyfen also causes oxidative stress by lowering antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and increasing lipid peroxidation in both target and non-target animals [11,63,64].…”

Clinicohematological, Mutagenic, and Oxidative Stress Induced by Pendimethalin in Freshwater Fish Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)

“…ROS production is primarily influenced by toxicant concentrations, cellular backgrounds, duration, and exposure time [ 8 , 10 , 53 ]. Pendimethalin also causes oxidative stress in both target and nontarget species by lowering antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and increasing lipid peroxidation in both target and nontarget animals [ 8 , 47 , 75 ]. The amounts of GSH and total proteins in the gills, livers, and kidneys of fish are lowered in this experimental investigation.…”

“…In the published literature, there is no information on the effects of pendimethalin on the contents of GSH and total proteins in bighead carp various tissues. The lower values of GSH and total proteins in multiple tissues of fish in the current study might be due to dysfunctions of tissues and increased utilization of energy (body proteins) to overcome oxidative stress [ 32 , 62 , 75 , 76 ]. Previously, it is well established that different toxicants are responsible for reducing proteins in various tissues of fish ( Oreochromis spilurus , Mystus vittatus , Clarias batrachus , Channa punctatus , and Labeo rohita ), including gills, kidneys, and liver [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 77 ].…”

Potential toxic effects of nano-derived form of thiobencarb on two land snails, Theba pisana and Eobania vermiculata

“…This technology provides protection to the a.i. and enhances the bioavailability to the site of action [15][16]. Nanopesticides are similar to synthetic conventional Egyptian Journal of Chemistry http://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/ pesticides in size and surface characters [17].…”

“…Nanopesticides are similar to synthetic conventional Egyptian Journal of Chemistry http://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/ pesticides in size and surface characters [17]. They are technological established to offer numerous benefits such as reducing concentration of a.i., as well as increase the stability and efficacy [15][16]. This has been shown to bring improvements in terms of better stability of dispersions, slow-or controlled release formulations, and provide a better control during field application [18,19].…”