Potential toxic effects of thiobencarb and its nano-derived form as topical applications against land snails: Theba pisana and Eobania vermiculata were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Median lethal doses (LD50s) of nano-derived form were 485.3 and 422.8 µg/snail on E. vermiculata and T. pisana, respectively, inducing toxicity index: 1.45 and 1.86-folds, compared with traditional form. Sublethal doses: 1/10 and 1/50 LD50 of the examined pesticide were tested against some biochemical measurements e.g. acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and ALP), aminotransferases (AST/ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in ganglia and digestive glands. All treatments significantly decreased AChE activity, respect to control. Significant increase in MDA level and activities of GST and LDH were noticed. No significant changes in ACP and ALP activities were noticed, but ALT/AST enzymes exhibited significant decline, respect to their controls. These findings may highlight the role of nano-emulsion of thiobencarb as a molluscicide independent on its inhibitory action of AChE and other targets.
The comparative toxic effect of Vertimec® 1.8% EC, Fast Max Super® 8.4% SC and nano-derived form of abamectin (ABM) (1% nano-emulsion) as a dermal contact for 48 h against land snail, Helix aspersa was evaluated at laboratorial trail. Acute toxicity values (LD50) were 6.45, 11.97, and 45.95 µg snail-1 for nano-derived form of ABM, Fast Max Super® and Vertimec®, respectively. Nano-derived form exhibited the highest toxic effects (1.86 and 7.12-folds), respect to Fast Max Super® and Vertimec®. Sublethal doses: 1/10 and 1/100 LD50s of the examined compounds were applied to evaluate some biochemical alterations e.g. acetylcholinesterase (AChE), malondialdhyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), respectively, in haemolymph and digestive glands homogenates. The all treatments significantly decreased AChE activity in ganglia homogenate, respect to control group (untreated). All treatments exhibited MDA level and LDH activity greater than the control in both haemolymph and digestive gland. This concept recognizes the cytotoxic effect of ABM on gastropods. Significant declines in GST, ACP, and ALP activities were exhibited in homogenate of digestive gland for the all treatments. However, AST/ALT activities exhibited increase greater than untreated group. These findings may explain the role of these doses of ABM for dysfunction in organs of H. aspersa. Thus, prepared nano-emulsion was more potent toxic on land snails. However, H. aspersa is considered a useful tool to assess ecotoxicological impact of pesticides.
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