Cytotoxicity of Mahanimbine from Curry Leaves in Human Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7) via Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Anti-Angiogenesis

Abstract

Mahanimbine (MN) is a carbazole alkaloid present in the leaves of Murraya koenigii, which is an integral part of medicinal and culinary practices in Asia. In the present study, the anticancer, apoptotic and anti-invasive potential of MN has been delineated in vitro. Apoptosis cells determination was carried out utilizing the acridine orange/propidium iodide double fluorescence test. During treatment, caspase-3/7,-8, and-9 enzymes and mitochondrial membrane potentials (Δψm) were evaluated. Anti-invasive properties were tested utilizing a wound-healing scratch test. Protein and gene expression studies were used to measure Bax, Bcl2, MMP-2, and -9 levels. The results show that MN could induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells at 14 µM concentration IC50. MN-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, with loss in Δψm, regulation of Bcl2/Bax, and accumulation of ROS (p ≤ 0.05). Caspase-3/7 and -9 enzyme activity were detected in MCF-7 cells after 24 and 48 h of treatment with MN. The anti-invasive property of MN was shown by inhibition of wound healing at the dose-dependent level and significantly suppressed mRNA and protein expression on MMP-2 and -9 in MCF-7 cells treated with a sub-cytotoxic dose of MN. The overall results indicate MN is a potential therapeutic compound against breast cancer as an apoptosis inducer and anti-invasive agent.

Phytochemical characterization by GC-MS and in vitro evaluation of antiproliferative and antimigratory studies of Leucas aspera leaf extracts on MDA-MB-231 cell line

“…The anti-invasion effects of L. aspera extract on cell migration were assessed using the migration/scratch assay (Hobani, 2022 ). Actively dividing MDA-MB-231 cells (1 × 10 5 cells/well) were subcultured in 6-well tissue culture plates until reaching 70% confluence.…”

The use of medicinal plants for combating breast cancer: A comprehensive review

“…Medicinal herbs continue to have a significant part in the healthcare system of the world (Abd El-Hack et al 2019, 2022. Plants' medical and economic advantages are being more widely recognized and developed in emerging nations and enterprises.…”

The evaluation of acute, sub-acute toxicity and safety of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Putranjiva roxburghii in rat

“…The Seeded cells were incubated overnight for cell adhesion to plates. At the next day, the media from the plates were discarded and filled with new serum-free media containing different concentrations of leaf extract, and further incubated for 24 h. After incubation, 20 µL of 5 mg/mL of MTT reagent was added, and cells were incubated again for 4 h in the dark at 37 °C (Hobani, Y. H. 2022). DMSO was added to dissolve the formed crystals, and the absorbance of purple color formed was then measured using a micro plate reader at the wavelength of 570 nm.…”