Cytoskeleton during aerenchyma formation in plants

Abstract

Aerenchyma is a plant tissue characterized by prominent intercellular spaces facilitating gas diffusion between roots and the aerial environment. The classical formation of intercellular spaces is thought to be the result of schizogeny and lysogeny during development of wetland species and in some dry-land species in response to different abiotic stress, including drought, high temperature, and nutrient deficiency. The plant cytoskeleton is known to play a major role in cellular organization and signaling pathways. It is emphasized a lot of ambiguity as to the cytoskeleton function in the constitutive and induced aerenchyma development, especially at the earliest stages of this process. In the present review, we focus on some aspects of the cytoskeleton behavior during the formation of schizogenous and lysigenous aerenchyma in wetland and terrestrial plants growing both in the nature and experimental conditions.

Asymmetry of Plant Cell Divisions under Salt Stress

“…Since, in the case of cell death and destruction, there is a high probability of toxic damage and the attack of pathogens, evolutionarily, it has been found to be more expedient to acquire a new skill-the mechanism of programmed cell death. This can be observed, for example, during the formation of aerenchyma in root systems with central symmetry, where parts of parenchyma cells undergo death in order to provide roots an important resource-air for respiration (the most important process ensuring the transformation of chemical energy accumulated by a plant as a result of photosynthesis, which is a source of maintenance of non-photosynthetic organs of plants) [7,8]. Moreover, specific processes of targeted death provide the formation of vascular tissues, changes in cap cells, falling leaves and the dying-off of roots, and the death of individual maternal tissues in the process of generative development [9].…”

Plant programmed cell death meets auxin signalling

“…The authors proposed an interesting model where the actin–auxin circuit acts as a switch between life and death, mediated by reactive oxygen species and phospholipase D [101]. Considering that cytoskeletal rearrangements were also observed in the case of developmental death programmes such as aerenchyma formation [102] or lace plant leaf morphogenesis [103], this model may extend beyond pathogen‐induced PCD. In contrast to experiments in tobacco [100], plants with elevated endogenous levels of auxin show HR suppression in A. thaliana following infection with P. syringae (AvrRpm1) [104].…”

Plant material (aeriferous parenchyma and sclereid cells) mimicking mucormycosis in sputum cytology

“…Plants with Aerenchyma are a major participant in releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, such as methane. They capture these gases from the soil and funnel them throughout their roots, shoots and leaves 3 . Aerenchyma is also found in aquatic plants and helps with their buoyancy.…”