Asymmetry of Plant Cell Divisions under Salt Stress

Abstract

Salt stress causes several damaging effects in plant cells. These commonly observed effects are the results of oxidative, osmotic, and toxic stresses. To ensure normal growth and development of tissues, the cellular compartments of multicellular plants have a unique system that provides the specified parameters of growth and differentiation. The cell shape and the direction of division support the steady development of the organism, the habit, and the typical shape of the organs and the whole plant. When dividing, daughter cells evenly or unevenly distribute the components of cytoplasm. Factors such as impaired osmotic regulation, exposure to toxic compounds, and imbalance in the antioxidant system cause disorders associated with the moving of organelles, distribution transformations of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the vacuolar compartment. In some cases, one can observe a different degree of plasmolysis manifestation, local changes in the density of cytoplasm. Together, these processes can cause disturbances in the direction of cell division, the formation of a phragmoplast, the formation of nuclei of daughter cells, and a violation of their fine structural organization. These processes are often accompanied by significant damage to the cytoskeleton, the formation of nonspecific structures formed by proteins of the cytoskeleton. The consequences of these processes can lead to the death of some cells or to a significant change in their morphology and properties, deformation of newly formed tissues and organs, and changes in the plant phenotype. Thus, as a result of significant violations of the cytoskeleton, causing critical destabilization of the symmetric distribution of the cell content, disturbances in the distribution of chromosomes, especially in polyploid cells, may occur, resulting in the appearance of micronuclei. Hence, the asymmetry of a certain component of the plant cell is a marker of susceptibility to abiotic damage.

Saline Stress Impairs Lipid Storage Mobilization during Germination in Eruca sativa

“…An increasing trend in the amount of lipid bodies in the cytoplasm was observed with the rise of the salinity level ( Figure 5 ). According to Alencar et al [ 17 ] and Baranova et al [ 20 ], our findings can be explained by a salt-induced reduction in lipid reserve mobilization in rocket seedlings. Furthermore, the lack of lipid mobilization in salt-treated plants might be generated by impairment in the peroxisome oil body degradation pathway, especially at the level of the lipase SDP1 activation mechanism.…”

“…In fact, Na + and Cl − ions can negatively interfere with many biochemical processes and can impair lipid reserve mobilization during germination that is a fundamental process for the subsequent seedling development [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Thus, ultrastructural changes occurring in lipid mobilization during seedling development in salt stress conditions were evidenced [ 17 , 20 ]. In both studies, salts impaired the normal lipid mobilization of the lipid reservoir, since in salt-affected seedlings, the authors noted a higher occurrence of lipid bodies within the cotyledons.…”

“…In both studies, salts impaired the normal lipid mobilization of the lipid reservoir, since in salt-affected seedlings, the authors noted a higher occurrence of lipid bodies within the cotyledons. Considering that lipid body reservoirs are dynamic structures that are present in the seedling cells for a finite period of time, they can be considered a suitable marker to demonstrate a regular development of the plant and can be a tool to understand the seedling response against adverse conditions [ 20 ].…”

Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Salinity Resistance of Three Durum Wheat Genotypes

“…Borlu et al [ 44 ] reported considerable differences already at 75 mM NaCl. One of the reasons for the reduction in coleoptile growth under salinity could be combined osmotic-oxidative-toxic stress, which causes a disturbance of cell division, and modification of the structure of cell organelles [ 47 ]. In addition, salt causes the effect of plasmolysis, which is manifested by reduced turgor pressure, which compresses the cell cytoplasm resulting in a disturbance of the growth and shape of the emerging organs.…”

A Comparative Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antineoplastic Potential of Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Leaf Extract with Its Biologically Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles (R-AuNPs)

“…During cell development, programmed death is characterized by distinct morphological and biochemical changes. The morphological alterations include decreased cell size, increased cytoplasmic density, organelle compression, and chromatin condensation [41].…”