Cytoplasmic genome types of European potatoes and their effects on complex agronomic traits

Abstract

BackgroundVarious wild species germplasm has been used in European potato breeding since the first introduction of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Europe. As the plant cytoplasmic genome including chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes is transmitted only through the maternal parent, cytoplasmic markers are useful tools in breeding programs to determine cytoplasmic genome types and to trace maternal ancestors. The potato cytoplasmic genome can be distinguished into six distinct types (M, P, A, W, T, and D). Male sterility was found in genotypes with S. demissum-derived D-type cytoplasm and S. stoloniferum-derived W/γ-type cytoplasm. These wild species were frequently used to incorporate superior pathogen resistance genes. As a result, the percentage of these two types is increasing unintentionally in the European germplasm pool. Other than cytoplasmic male sterility, little is known about effects of the cytoplasmic genome on complex agronomic traits in potato.ResultThe cytoplasm types of 1,217 European potato cultivars and breeding clones were determined with type specific DNA markers. Most frequent were T- (59.4 %), D- (27.4 %), and W- (12.2 %) type cytoplasm, while A- (0.7 %) and M-type cytoplasm (0.3 %) was rare and P-type cytoplasm was absent. When comparing varieties with breeding clones, the former showed a relatively higher frequency of T-type and lower frequency of D- and W-type cytoplasm. Correlation analysis of cytoplasm types and agronomic data showed that W/γ-type cytoplasm was correlated with increased tuber starch content and later plant maturity. Correlation with quantitative resistance to late blight was observed for D-type and M-type cytoplasm. Both cytoplasm types had a positive effect on resistance.ConclusionThis study revealed and quantified the cytoplasmic diversity in the European potato germplasm pool. Knowledge of cytoplasm type is important for maintaining genetic diversity and managing the male sterility problem in breeding programs. This is the first comprehensive study to show correlations of distinct cytoplasmic genomes with complex agronomic traits in potato. Correlations particularly with tuber starch content and resistance to late blight provided new knowledge on cytoplasmic effects on these important traits, which can be exploited for genetic improvement of potato.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0545-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Molecular Screening of Potato Varieties Bred in the Northwestern Zone of the Russian Federаtion

“…Согласно литературным данным, W/gamma-тип и ассо-циированная с ним тетрадная стерильность встречаются у европейских сортов, созданных на основе лишь не-скольких образцов мексиканского вида S. stoloniferum, образцы которого являлись источником сверхустойчи-вости к PVY и в начальных скрещиваниях выступали в роли материнских форм. В свою очередь, использование в дальнейшем селекционном процессе иммунных к PVY сортов и гибридов с геном Ry sto привело к широкому распространению среди европейских сортов стерильной цитоплазмы W/gamma-типа (Lössl et al, 2000;Song, Schwarzfischer, 2008;Sanetomo, Gebhardt, 2015). В то же время W/gamma-тип цитоплазмы среди коллекционных образцов S. stoloniferum встречается не часто, более рас-пространен у них D-тип (Sanetomo, Hosaka, 2013).…”

“…Наряду с этой информацией в послед-нее время большое значение придают и данным о типах цитоплазм у отбираемых для скрещиваний родительских форм (Mori et al, 2011(Mori et al, , 2012Sanetomo, Gebhardt, 2015;Зотеева и др., 2017). Hosaka, Sanetomo (2012) разработали набор ДНК-маркеров, с помощью которых идентифици-ровали шесть основных типов цитоплазм картофеля: А, D (W/alpha), М, Р, T, W. Типы D, Т и W/ gamma относят к стерильным, при этом каждый из них отличается по фено-типическому проявлению признака мужской стерильности (Hosaka, Sanetomo, 2012).…”

“…Случаи выявления фертильных форм при наличии стерильных типов цитоплазм связы-вают с наличием доминантных аллелей генов восстанов-ления фертильности, например Rt (male fertility Restorer gene), и/или рецессивных аллелей ядерного гена Ms (Male sterility gene) (Анисимова, Гавриленко, 2017). Молекуляр-ный скрининг зарубежных селекционных сортов карто -феля показал, что практически все они обладают стериль-ными типами цитоплазм (Hosaka, Sanetomo, 2012;Sanetomo, Gebhardt, 2015). Так, подавляющее большинство старых европейских сортов, созданных в XIX -начале ХХ века, имеют тип Т от чилийских аборигенных сортов, тогда как среди современного сортимента преобладают со-рта с W/gamma и D-типами, полученными ими от образцов диких мексиканских видов картофеля -S. stoloniferum и S. demissum соответственно.…”

Thermal plasticity of the circadian clock is under nuclear and cytoplasmic control in wild barley

“…Effects of the cytoplasm on plant fitness and agronomic traits are described from many plant systems (Greiner & Bock, 2013;Roux et al, 2016). For example, disease resistance can be influenced by the genotype of the cytoplasm (plasmotype), as can be yield and grain quality (Frei, Peiretti, & Wenzel, 2003;Sanetomo & Gebhardt, 2015). These traits are likely the result of local adaption of the original wild alleles, as shown for bread wheat (Trictium aestivum), where cytoplasmic influence on fruit quality is influenced by genotype-byenvironment interactions (Ekiz, Kiral, Akçin, & Simsek, 1998;Frei et al, 2003).…”

Thermal plasticity of the circadian clock is under nuclear and cytoplasmic control in wild barley

“…Effects of the cytoplasm on plant fitness and agronomic traits were first described by the German botanist Carl Correns (1909), and later in many plant systems (Roux et al, 2016) (Greiner and Bock, 2013). For example, disease resistance can be influenced by the genotype of the cytoplasm, i.e., the plasmotype, as can be yield and grain quality (Frei et al, 2003) (Sanetomo and Gebhardt, 2015). These traits are likely the result of local adaption of the original wild alleles, as shown for bread wheat (Trictium aestivum), where cytoplasmic influence on fruit quality is influenced by genotype-by-environment interactions (Ekiz et al, 1998)(Frei et al, 2003.…”