Increasing the resistance of varieties to diseases and pests is a priority in potato breeding. Many potato varieties created in the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka" are multi-species hybrids possessing complex resistance to the most spread pathogens in combination with a high plasticity, which determined their zoning in many regions of the Russian Federation. Potato varieties and hybrids created in different periods of time in this institute and in the Ltd Breeding company "LiGa" were included in marker-assisted selection with 22 markers of 14 R genes conferring extreme resistance to viruses PVY and PVX, resistance to cyst nematodes Globodera pallida (patotypes Pa2, Pa3) and G. rostochiensis (pathotype Ro1) and resistance to late blight. The data of molecular screening were compared with the results of the State Test of Varieties for Disease Resistance, as well as with other published sources. Markers of sterile and fertile cytoplasm types were also used in the study. Based on the results of molecular screening, varieties and hybrids with different combinations of markers of R genes conferring resistance to the most harmful pathogens (Ry sto , Ryf sto , Rx1, Rx2, Gro14, H1, Gpa2, R1, R3a, Rpiblb1, Rpisto1) were detected. Among them, genotypes with sterile D-, T-, W/gamma cytoplasmic types were selected. Analysis of their pollen fertility, crossability and pedigree data showed that breeders succeed in obtaining fertile forms with the D-and Задача повышения устойчивости сортов к болезням и вредителям является приоритетной для селекции картофеля. Многие сорта, созданные селекционерами северо-западной зоны Российской Федерации, являются многовидовыми гибридами, обладают ком-плексной устойчивостью к наиболее вредоносным патогенам в сочетании с высокой пластичностью, о чем свидетельствует их районирование в разных регионах нашей страны. В статье пред-ставлены результаты молекулярного скрининга сортов и гибридов, созданных в разные годы в ЛенНИИСХ «Белогорка» и в ООО Селек-ционная фирма «ЛиГа». Молекулярный скрининг проведен с ис-пользованием 22 маркеров 14 R-генов устойчивости к вирусам PVY и PVX, к цистообразующим нематодам -Globodera pallida (патотипы Pa2, Ра3) и G. rostochiensis (патотип Ro1) и к фитофторозу. Данные молекулярно-генетического анализа сопоставлялись с результа-тами Государственного испытания сортов на устойчивость к бо-лезням и с другими опубликованными источниками. В работе ис-пользованы также маркеры стерильных и фертильных типов цито-плазм. По результатам молекулярного скрининга выделены сорта и гибриды c разными сочетаниями маркеров R-генов (Ry sto , Ryf sto , Rx1, Rx2, Gro14, H1, Gpa2, R1, R3a, Rpiblb1, Rpisto1), обладающие D-, T-, W/gamma стерильными типами цитоплазм. Анализ фертиль-но сти пыльцы, результатов скрещиваний и данных родословных показал, что селекционерам удалось получить фертильные формы с D-и Т-типами цитоплазм, несущие генетический материал мекси-канских полиплоидных видов Solanum stoloniferum и S. demissum. Информация о наличии у гибридов и с...
Solanum tarnii, a wild diploid, tuber-bearing Mexican species belonging to the series Pinnatisecta is highly resistant to Potato virus Y (PVY) and Colorado potato beetle and shows a strong hypersensitive reaction to Phytophthora infestans. Therefore, it could be a potential source of resistance to pathogens for potato breeders. S. tarnii (2n=2x=24) is reproductively isolated from tetraploid Solanum tuberosum and hence difficult to include in potato breeding programmes. In this study, interspecific somatic hybrids were produced for the first time by protoplast electrofusion of the cells of potato cv. Delikat (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Solanum tarnii. The hybrid nature of the regenerants was confirmed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and by morphological analysis and flow cytometry. Selected somatic hybrids were successfully backcrossed with cv. Delikat. Parental lines, primary somatic hybrids and BC1 progeny were assessed for resistance to PVY by mechanical inoculation, grafting and exposure to viruliferous aphid vectors in the field, and resistance to late blight (P. infestans) by detached leaflet and whole tuber tests. The somatic hybrids showed no symptoms of viral infection and most of them displayed high levels of resistance to foliage blight. The BC1 progenies were highly resistant to PVY and a few were resistant to foliage blight. Selected hybrids and BC1 clones were evaluated in the field for tuber quality and tuber yield. Some BC1 clones produced yields of good quality tubers. The results confirm that both the resistance to PVY and to late blight of S. tarnii is expressed in somatic hybrids, and PVY resistance is transferred to BC1 progeny, whereas blight resistance is harder to transfer. Somatic hybridization again proved to be a valuable tool for producing pre-breeding material with increased genetic diversity.
Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) collected in six localities in the Leningrad region of North West Russia were identified as Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 and were used for subsequent resistance tests. Seventynine accessions of cultivated and closely related wild potato species from the VIR collection in Russia were screened on resistance to G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 and on the presence of molecular markers for H1 and Gro1-4 resistance genes. No associations were detected between the resistance level of diploid and tetraploid Andean and tetraploid Chilean potato landraces (indigenous cultivars) and their related wild species and their geographical distribution or presence of PCR-based markers that are associated with the H1 and Gro1-4 genes. At the same time, all susceptible genotypes lacked such markers. New sources of resistance were found and could be used in breeding.
Interspecific somatic hybrids between commercial cultivars of potato Solanum tuberosum L. Agave and Delikat and the wild diploid species Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl. (cph) were produced by protoplast electrofusion. The hybrid nature of the regenerated plants was confirmed by flow cytometry, simple sequence repeat (SSR), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellite-anchored fragment length polymorphism (MFLP) markers and morphological analysis. Somatic hybrids were assessed for their resistance to Colorado potato beetle (CPB) using a laboratory bioassay, to Potato virus Y (PVY) by mechanical inoculation and field trials, and foliage blight in a greenhouse and by field trials. Twenty-four and 26 somatic hybrids of cph + cv. Agave or cph + cv. Delikat, respectively, showed no symptoms of infection with PVY, of which 3 and 12, respectively, were also resistant to foliage blight. One hybrid of cph + Agave performed best in CPB and PVY resistance tests. Of the somatic hybrids that were evaluated for their morphology and tuber yield in the field for 3 years, four did not differ significantly in tuber yield from the parental and standard cultivars. Progeny of hybrids was obtained by pollinating them with pollen from a cultivar, selfing or cross-pollination. The results confirm that protoplast electrofusion can be used to transfer the CPB, PVY and late blight resistance of cph into somatic hybrids. These resistant somatic hybrids can be used in pre-breeding studies, molecular characterization and for increasing the genetic diversity available for potato breeding by marker-assisted combinatorial introgression into the potato gene pool.
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