Cytopathology of Pathogenic Prokaryotes

Brogden, Kim A.

doi:10.1002/9780813810379.ch14

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 431 publications

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“…All microorganisms have polar lipids in their cytoplasmic membranes (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) and the inner leaflet of the outer membrane (Gram-negative bacteria) [37]. It appears likely that lipids may insert into the outer envelope and cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and the cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-positive bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphingoid Bases Are Taken Up by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Induce Ultrastructural Damage

Fischer¹,

Walters²,

Drake³

et al. 2012

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Sphingoid bases found in the outer layers of the skin exhibit antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the uptake of several sphingoid bases by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and assessed subsequent ultrastructural damage. E. coli and S. aureus were incubated with d-sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, or phytosphingosine at ten times their MIC for 0.5 and 4 h, respectively, to kill 50% of viable bacteria. Treated bacterial cells were immediately prepared for SEM, TEM, and analyzed for lipid content by QTLC. E. coli and S. aureus treated with sphingoid bases were distorted and their surfaces were concave and rugate. Significant differences were observed in the visual surface area relative to controls for both E. coli and S. aureus when treated with dihydrosphingosine and sphingosine (p < 0.0001) but not phytosphingosine. While sphingoid base-treated S. aureus exhibited disruption and loss of cell wall and membrane, E. coli cytoplasmic membranes appeared intact and the outer envelope uncompromised. Both E. coli and S. aureus cells contained unique internal inclusion bodies, likely associated with cell death. QTLC demonstrated extensive uptake of sphingoid bases by the bacteria. Hence, sphingoid bases induce both extracellular and intracellular damage and cause intracellular inclusions that may reflect lipid uptake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphingoid Bases Are Taken Up by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Induce Ultrastructural Damage

Fischer¹,

Walters²,

Drake³

et al. 2012

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…In males, testes and accessory sex glands (ie, epididymis, ampulla, seminal vesicles) are preferentially colonized. 19,42,110 Arthritis, tenosynovitis, and bursitis have also been reported. 110 Once infection is established in sexually mature animals, it often persists indefinitely.…”

Section: Brucella Abortusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancement of Knowledge of Brucella Over the Past 50 Years

2014

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Fifty years ago, bacteria in the genus Brucella were known to cause infertility and reproductive losses. At that time, the genus was considered to contain only 3 species: Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis. Since the early 1960s, at least 7 new species have been identified as belonging to the Brucella genus (Brucella canis, Brucella ceti, Brucella inopinata, Brucella microti, Brucella neotomae, Brucella ovis, and Brucella pinnipedialis) with several additional new species under consideration for inclusion. Although molecular studies have found such high homology that some authors have proposed that all Brucella are actually 1 species, the epidemiologic and diagnostic benefits for separating the genus based on phenotypic characteristics are more compelling. Although pathogenic Brucella spp have preferred reservoir hosts, their ability to infect numerous mammalian hosts has been increasingly documented. The maintenance of infection in new reservoir hosts, such as wildlife, has become an issue for both public health and animal health regulatory personnel. Since the 1960s, new information on how Brucella enters host cells and modifies their intracellular environment has been gained. Although the pathogenesis and histologic lesions of B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis in their preferred hosts have not changed, additional knowledge on the pathology of these brucellae in new hosts, or of new species of Brucella in their preferred hosts, has been obtained. To this day, brucellosis remains a significant human zoonosis that is emerging or reemerging in many parts of the world.Keywords Brucella, pathogenesis, zoonosis, reservoir hosts, laboratory modelsIn 1966, the first issue of Pathologia Veterinaria-now known as Veterinary Pathology-published an article on the characteristics of Brucella granulomas by K. L. Jacob, and the third issue included a manuscript by B. I. Osburn and P. C. Kennedy describing pathologic and immunologic responses of fetal lambs after infection with Brucella ovis. As the journal embarks on its second half-century of publication, it seems appropriate to assess the advancement of knowledge on this topic since these articles were published in the first issues of the journal.Fifty years ago, bacteria in the genus Brucella were known to cause infertility and reproductive losses with predilection for causing placentitis, fetal pneumonia, and mastitis. At that time, the genus contained only Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis, the 3 classic species of brucellae, and these were generally thought to be somewhat hostspecific pathogens of cattle, sheep and goats, and swine, respectively. They were also known to be zoonotic, with the capability for causing clinical disease in humans. At that time, taxonomy placed the 3 classic species in the family Brucellaceae, with other bacterial genera such as Bordetella, Pasteurella and so on. Although scientific and practical knowledge of brucellosis has increased dramatically, in many countries, brucellosis continu...

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“…The exact mechanism of sphingoid base action on the bacterial cell is currently being elucidated. All microorganisms have polar lipids in their cytoplasmic membranes (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) and the inner leaflet of the outer membrane (gram-negative bacteria) (Brogden 2009). It appears likely that lipids may insert into the outer envelope and cytoplasmic membranes of gram-negative bacteria and the cytoplasmic membranes of gram-positive bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral mucosal lipids are antimicrobial against <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis,</em> induce ultrastructural damage, and alter bacterial lipid and protein compositions

Fischer¹

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Cytopathology of Pathogenic Prokaryotes

Cited by 6 publications

References 431 publications

Sphingoid Bases Are Taken Up by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Induce Ultrastructural Damage

Sphingoid Bases Are Taken Up by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Induce Ultrastructural Damage

Advancement of Knowledge of Brucella Over the Past 50 Years

Oral mucosal lipids are antimicrobial against <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis,</em> induce ultrastructural damage, and alter bacterial lipid and protein compositions

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