Cytological staining of protozoa: a case study on the impregnation of hypotrichs (Ciliophora: spirotrichea) using laboratory-synthesized protargol

Kim, Ji Hye; Jung, Jae-Ho

doi:10.1080/19768354.2017.1376707

Cited by 28 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Furthermore, some species are lost during the preservation protocol with acid Lugol’s ( Gieskes and Kraay, 1983 ; Stoecker et al, 1994 ) or are altered by it, for example by break-up of colonies ( Mukherjee et al, 2014 ), loss of flagella and discoloration ( Karlson et al, 2010 ). Phase contrast and staining agents (e.g., silver staining of ciliates) can help with the identification of colorless or discolored species ( Kim and Jung, 2017 ). The lowest diversity detected with chloroplast 16S rRNA was mainly due to the fact that it only included phototrophs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Community Structure of Under-Ice and Open-Water Microbiomes in Urban Lakes Exposed to Road Salts

2021

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Salinization of freshwater is increasingly observed in regions where chloride de-icing salts are applied to the roads in winter, but little is known about the effects on microbial communities. In this study, we analyzed the planktonic microbiomes of four lakes that differed in degree of urbanization, eutrophication and salinization, from an oligotrophic reference lake with no surrounding roads, to a eutrophic, salinized lake receiving runoff from a highway. We tested the hypothesis that an influence of road salts would be superimposed on the effects of season and trophic status. We evaluated the microbial community structure by 16S rRNA sequencing for Bacteria, and by four methods for eukaryotes: 16S rRNA chloroplast analysis, 18S rRNA sequencing, photosynthetic pigment analysis and microscopy. Consistent with our hypothesis, chloride and total nitrogen concentrations were among the most important statistical factors explaining the differences in taxonomic composition. These factors were positively correlated with the abundance of cryptophytes, haptophytes, and cyanobacteria. Ice-cover was also a major structuring factor, with clear differences between the winter communities and those of the open-water period. Nitrifying and methane oxidizing bacteria were more abundant in winter, suggesting the importance of anaerobic sediment processes and release of reduced compounds into the ice-covered water columns. The four methods for eukaryotic analysis provided complementary information. The 18S rRNA observations were strongly influenced by the presence of ribosome-rich ciliates, but revealed a much higher degree of taxonomic richness and greater separation of lakes, seasonal changes and potential salinity effects than the other methods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Community Structure of Under-Ice and Open-Water Microbiomes in Urban Lakes Exposed to Road Salts

2021

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“…The infraciliature was revealed by protargol impregnation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Protargol powder was synthesized using the method of Pan et al ( 2013 ) and Kim and Jung ( 2017 ), and the protargol impregnation technique is based on “procedure A” of Foissner ( 1991 , 2014 ). Cysts were collected from the clone culture or produced by the starvation of large morph specimens.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphism, gigantism, and cannibalism, one stylonychid ciliate (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) to rule them all

2023

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The morphology, ontogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of the polymorphic and cannibalistic giant forming Tetmemena polymorpha n. sp., found in a brackish water sample in South Korea, were investigated. The present species has long been misidentified as “Oxytricha bifaria.” The new investigation shows that the species produces three morphologically different morphs. The small morph is bacterivorous and characterized by its small body size and slim body and it is found only in the stationary and decline phases of the culture. The large morph has a wide body, larger oral apparatus, and feeds on small eukaryotes such as yeast cells and small ciliates. It divides very quickly and produces the other two morphs and found in the exponential phase of the cultures. The giant morph is characterized by its huge body and oral apparatus. It feeds on the small morph cells of the same species and other ciliates, and occurs together with the small morph. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene sequences show that the new species is placed in a sister subclade to that containing other Tetmemena sequences. Moreover, Tetmemena indica Bharti et al., 2019 nov. stat. is raised to species level based on the differences in the cyst morphology and the dorsal ciliature to the authoritative Tetmemena pustulata population.

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“…The infraciliature was revealed by protargol impregnation and scanning electron microscopy. Protargol powder was synthesized using the methods described by Pan et al ( 2013 ) and Kim and Jung ( 2017 ), and the protargol impregnation technique is based on ‘procedure A' described by Foissner ( 2014 ). The SEM technique was conducted following the procedures described by Foissner ( 2014 ) and Moon et al ( 2020 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two New Trachelophyllid Ciliates, Monolamellophrya terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Trachelophyllum parapiculatum sp. nov. (Litostomatea, Haptoria), From South Korea

2022

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The morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new ciliates, Monolamellophrya terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Trachelophyllum parapiculatum sp. nov., discovered in South Korea, were investigated. The two species belong to the suborder Trachelophyllina, which is characterized by the presence of a mucilaginous layer containing lepidosomes covering the cortex. Monolamellophrya terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of a single layer of type II lepidosomes, representing a new genus. Trachelophyllum parapiculatum sp. nov. has only type I lepidosomes covering the cortex, a generic character of the genus Trachelophyllum, and is distinguished from other congeners by a combination of morphological features, including the 15–24 μm long rod-shaped extrusomes, the 9–13 ciliary rows, the 7–11 and 17–25 dikinetids in brush rows 1 and 2, respectively, and the bipolar brush row 3. Furthermore, the 18S rRNA gene sequences of the two new species were provided. The phylogenetic analyses show that the sequence of M. terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. clusters with two other trachelophyllid sequences, and the sequence of T. parapiculatum sp. nov. is placed at the base of these three sequences with full support. Furthermore, the four trachelophyllid sequences that are available so far form a monophyletic clade.

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Cytological staining of protozoa: a case study on the impregnation of hypotrichs (Ciliophora: spirotrichea) using laboratory-synthesized protargol

Cited by 28 publications

References 14 publications

Changes in the Community Structure of Under-Ice and Open-Water Microbiomes in Urban Lakes Exposed to Road Salts

Changes in the Community Structure of Under-Ice and Open-Water Microbiomes in Urban Lakes Exposed to Road Salts

Polymorphism, gigantism, and cannibalism, one stylonychid ciliate (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) to rule them all

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two New Trachelophyllid Ciliates, Monolamellophrya terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Trachelophyllum parapiculatum sp. nov. (Litostomatea, Haptoria), From South Korea

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