Cytokine Response to Exercise and Its Modulation

Abstract

Strenuous exercise induces such inflammatory responses as leukocytosis (neutrophilia) and symptoms as delayed-onset muscle soreness and swelling. However, the association between inflammatory mediator cytokines and oxidative stress is not fully delineated. Herein, in addition to basic background information on cytokines, research findings on exertional effects on cytokine release and the underlying mechanisms and triggers are introduced. Then, the associations among cytokine responses, oxidative stress, and tissue damage are described not only in overloaded skeletal muscle, but also in other internal organs. Furthermore, we introduce preventive countermeasures against the exhaustive exercise-induced pathogenesis together with the possibility of antioxidant interventions.

Association of sedentary time and physical activity levels with immunometabolic markers in early pregnancy: The GESTAFIT project

“…In young non-pregnant women (age 22 years, BMI 23.5 kg/m 2 ; unpublished data from the ACTIBATE project), 45 these associations were also found to be non-significant. These results might be plausible since muscle-derived IL-8 (at mRNA and protein levels), during and after strenuous exercise, 37,38,46 exerts its effects locally in the myocytes and endothelium vascular cells (in the contracting muscle) rather than in systemic circulation. 39,46 Paradoxically, our results showed that meeting the PA recommendations was positively associated with circulating IL-8.…”

“…Overall, these results are supported by previous studies in non-pregnant women, 33,35,36 except for MVPA, which was inversely associated with TNF-α. 33 Regarding exercise in the general population, most studies have shown that acute strenuous exercise normally has either no effect or a slight effect on circulating TNF-α, 37,38 and increases IL-10 concentrations (partly mediated by IL-6). [37][38][39] However, in pregnancy, regular exercise might suppress the alterations observed in TNF-α along each trimester of pregnancy.…”

“…33 Regarding exercise in the general population, most studies have shown that acute strenuous exercise normally has either no effect or a slight effect on circulating TNF-α, 37,38 and increases IL-10 concentrations (partly mediated by IL-6). [37][38][39] However, in pregnancy, regular exercise might suppress the alterations observed in TNF-α along each trimester of pregnancy. 40 Hence, due to the scarce evidence, it remains controversial whether these trends are similar for PA stimulus during early pregnancy.…”

Involvement of Neutrophil Dynamics and Function in Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: Effect of Hydrogen Bath

“…Previous studies suggested that the infiltration of neutrophils into tissues causes subsequent inflammation and oxidative stress and is also partially involved in muscle damage and DOMS [6,7,13,18,27]. Therefore, measuring the dynamics and function of neutrophils are crucial in elucidating the mechanism of the subsequent chain reactions.…”

“…Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), which is one of the reasons for DOMS, is caused by not only mechanical factors, but also non-mechanical factors [3]. One possible mechanism causing muscle damage is the invasion of leukocytes, especially phagocytes, including neutrophils and macrophages, into skeletal muscle [4,5,6]. Phagocytes infiltrating muscle tissue play essential roles in tissue repair, such as protein degradation and removal of cellular debris, whereas activated phagocytes release pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induce inflammation as well as myofiber membrane lysis [4,7].…”