Cytokine release from alveolar macrophages exposed to ambient particulate matter: Heterogeneity in relation to size, city and season

Abstract

Background: Several studies have demonstrated an association between exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation seems to play an important role in the observed health effects. However, the predominant particle component(s) that drives the inflammation is still not fully clarified. In this study representative coarse (2.5-10 µm) and fine (0.1-2.5 µm) particulate samples from a western, an eastern, a northern and a southern European city (Amsterdam, Lodz, Oslo and Rome) were collected during three seasons (spring, summer and winter). All fractions were investigated with respect to cytokine-inducing potential in primary macrophages isolated from rat lung. The results were related to the physical and chemical parameters of the samples in order to disclose possible connections between inflammatory potential and specific characteristics of the particles.

Differential Response of Mono Mac 6, BEAS-2B, and Jurkat Cells to Indoor Dust

“…This points toward a major role of bioorganic dust constituents such as endotoxin, fungal, and bacterial contaminants. However, ambient air particles of smaller particle sizes with higher metal and lower bio-organic content induced a marked release of inflammatory mediators in association with a more pronounced oxidative stress response (Ghio 2004; Hetland et al 2005). Also, allergens in indoor dust may alter cell functions because of their enzymatic and toxic activity (Martinez et al 1999); however, in contrast with the in vivo situation, IgE mediated effects are considered less likely because mast cells were absent in the cell cultures.…”

“…The selected coarse particle fraction of < 32 μm reflects the authors’ interest in the upper airways, where most particles of 10–32 μm are deposited (Keck et al 2000). Coarse dust fractions have a higher bioorganic and lower metal content than fine fractions (Hetland et al 2005). In the present study, we chose a dust concentration of 500 μg/mL to allow comparison with previous publications (Fujii et al 2001; Hetland et al 2005; Mahadevan et al 2005) and to provide an effective cellular stimulus while leaving cells alive.…”

“…Coarse dust fractions have a higher bioorganic and lower metal content than fine fractions (Hetland et al 2005). In the present study, we chose a dust concentration of 500 μg/mL to allow comparison with previous publications (Fujii et al 2001; Hetland et al 2005; Mahadevan et al 2005) and to provide an effective cellular stimulus while leaving cells alive. In previous time-kinetic experiments, an exposure time of 6 hr revealed the highest number of transcriptional and secretory responses compared with 2 hr and 24 hr exposure.…”

PM10 in a background urban site: Chemical characteristics and biological effects

“…Briefly, the theoretically comparable to the extraction at the lung cells (Hetland et al, 2004). The monthly strips 142 were cut into small pieces and were placed in 50 mL polypropylene sterile tubes with 15 mL of the 143 extraction medium.…”

Interaction Effects of Ultrafine Carbon Black with Iron and Nickel on Heart Rate Variability in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

“…Animal models have been used to investigate the effects of different particles (Campen et al 2001, 2002; Chen et al 1992; Gordon et al 1998; Kodavanti et al 1998, 2002; Ulrich et al 2002). The cardiovascular toxicities were also demonstrated to be heterogeneous in toxicologic settings focusing on cytokine release (Hetland et al 2005; Li et al 1999), heart rate changes (Gordon et al 1998; Wellenius et al 2003), electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (Gordon et al 2000; Hwang et al 2005; Wellenius et al 2003), and HRV indices (Chen and Hwang 2005; Godleski et al 2000). All of these toxicologic studies support the heterogeneity of PM cardiovascular effects.…”