Cytokine measurements in gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal ligament: Are they correlated?

Madureira, Davidson Fróis; Silva, Janine Mayra da; Teixeira, Antônio Lúcio; Abreu, Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães de; Pretti, Henrique; Lages, Elizabeth Maria Bastos

doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.03.030

Cited by 10 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In this study, the results showed no significant changes in the concentration levels of IL-17 over the observation period, similar to a previous study that applied intrusive forces on the premolar teeth wherein no statistically significant changes in IL-17 levels were observed. 20 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid associated with tooth movement induced by aligners: a pilot study

Chami

Nunes

Júnior

2018

Dental Press J. Orthod.

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Introduction: The search for more aesthetic and comfortable orthodontic devices has led to an increase in the use of clear aligners. Objective: To increase knowledge on biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement using Invisalign aligners. Methods: This study included 11 patients with a mean age of 23.6 ± 4.8 years. Cases planning included alignment and leveling of lower incisors using Invisalign aligners. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the lower incisors on the day of delivery of aligner number 1 (T0) and after 1 (T24h), 7 (T7d), and 21 (T21d) days. During the observation period of the study, the patients used only the aligner number 1. Levels of nine cytokines were quantified using Luminex’s multi-analysis technology. Non-parametric tests were used for comparisons between cytokine expression levels over time. Results: Cytokine expression levels remained constant after 21 days of orthodontic activation, except those of MIP-1β, which presented a statistical difference between T24h and T21d with a decrease in the concentration levels. IL-8, GM-CSF, IL-1β, MIP-1β, and TNF-α showed the highest concentrations over time. Conclusions: The different behavior in the levels of the investigated cytokines indicates a role of these biomarkers in the tissue remodeling induced by Invisalign.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this study analyzed a total of 180 sites and a large number of previous studies used similar sample sizes. 1 , 12 - 17 , 19 - 20 , 22 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid associated with tooth movement induced by aligners: a pilot study

Chami

Nunes

Júnior

2018

Dental Press J. Orthod.

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“…The use of the split-mouth design and the results achieved on the control sites support these considerations. When one considers the wide range of biological responses and interfering factors in both the PDL and GCF, 27 the number of subjects participating in this study may be a limiting factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical markers of bone metabolism during early orthodontic tooth movement with aligners

Castroflorio

Gamerro

Caviglia

et al. 2016

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To evaluate the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), interleukin 1b (IL-1b), and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of teeth subjected to orthodontic forces released by aligners. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 healthy, adult patients were selected to participate in this split-mouth study. The treatment plan was designed to obtain only one movement with the first aligner: distalization of a second molar. GCF samples were obtained from pressure and tension sites of the test tooth and from the mesiobuccal and distobuccal sites of the control tooth. The GCF sample volumes were measured using a Periotron 8000. Levels of TGF-b, IL-1b, RANKL, OPG, and OPN were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: IL-1b showed a significant increase at the pressure sites after 1 week and 3 weeks with respect to baseline (P , .05) compared with control sites. The kinetics of TGF-1b and OPN were characterized by a significant increase at the tension sites of the test teeth (P , .05) after 3 weeks from the application of orthodontic force. The RANKL level was significantly increased at pressure and tension sites after 1 hour and after 1 week from the application of the orthodontic forces (P ¼ .023 and P ¼ .043, respectively). Conclusions: An increased concentration of bone modeling and remodeling mediators at the pressure sites (IL-1b, RANKL) and tension sites (TGF-1b, OPN) was observed. These scenarios are compatible with previous in vivo and in vitro studies investigating the biological effects of orthodontic tooth movement. (Angle Orthod. 2017;87:74-81)

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“…These cytokines have antiinflammatory properties and induce osteoblastogenesis, therefore causing an anabolic effect. A further increase in IL-17 levels was documented in PDL from compression sites in humans (Madureira et al 2015). IL-17 is a chief cytokine, mainly produced by γδT and Th17 cells, which bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses (Wald et al 2021).…”

Section: Molecular Immunologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Immune Changes Induced by Orthodontic Forces: A Critical Review

et al. 2021

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Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is generated by a mechanical force that induces an aseptic inflammatory response in the periodontal tissues and a subsequent coordinated process of bone resorption and apposition. In this review, we critically summarize the current knowledge on the immune processes involved in OTM inflammation and provide a novel insight into the relationship between classical inflammation and clinical OTM phases. We found that most studies focused on the acute inflammatory process, which ignites the initial alveolar bone resorption. However, the exact mechanisms and the immune reactions involved in the following OTM phases remain obscure. Recent studies highlight the existence of a typical innate response of resident and extravasated immune cells, including granulocytes and natural killer (NK), dendritic, and γδT cells. Based on few available studies, we shed light on an active, albeit incomplete, process of resolution in the lag phase, supported by continuously elevated ratios of M1/M2 macrophage and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio. This partial resolution enables tissue formation and creates the appropriate environment for a transition between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, essential for the tissue’s return to homeostasis. Nevertheless, as the mechanical trigger persists, the resolution turns into a low-grade chronic inflammation, which underlies the next, acceleration/linear OTM phase. In this stage, the acute inflammation dampens, and a simultaneous process of bone resorption and formation occurs, driven by B and T cells of the adaptive immune arm. Excessive orthodontic forces or tooth movement in periodontally affected inflamed tissues may hamper resolution, leading to “maladaptive homeostasis” and tissue loss due to uncoupled bone resorption and formation. The review ends with a brief description of the translational studies on OTM immunomodulation. Future studies are necessary for further uncovering cellular and molecular immune targets and developing novel strategies for controlling OTM by local and sustained tuning of the inflammatory process.

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Cytokine measurements in gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal ligament: Are they correlated?

Cited by 10 publications

References 50 publications

Expression of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid associated with tooth movement induced by aligners: a pilot study

Expression of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid associated with tooth movement induced by aligners: a pilot study

Biochemical markers of bone metabolism during early orthodontic tooth movement with aligners

Immune Changes Induced by Orthodontic Forces: A Critical Review

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