Cytogenetic follow-up studies on humans with internal and external exposure to ionizing radiation

Balajee, Adayabalam S.; Livingston, Gordon K.; Escalona, Maria; Ryan, Terri L.; Goans, Ronald E.; Iddins, Carol J.

doi:10.1088/1361-6498/ac125a

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, on-site training is currently preferred, though there may be room for improvement in on-line training to enhance its accuracy and efficiency. Balajee et al (2021) considered the cytogenetic markers that can be used in the biological monitoring of radiation-exposed humans. The classic approach is to score dicentric chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes but scoring of translocations (involving the exchange of fragments between two or more chromosomes) can also be useful, bearing in mind that reciprocal translocations can arise spontaneously, and their baseline frequency appears to be modulated by confounding factors such as age and lifestyle.…”

Section: Approaches To Triagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although scoring of dicentrics and translocations remains the mainstay of cytogenetic dosimetry, other markers can also be used. Balajee et al (2021) identified the Pseudo Pelger-Huet (PH) anomaly as a useful marker. PH cells are a subset of neutrophils that are characterised by a bilobed nucleus connected by a thin chromatin filament.…”

Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pseudo-PH cell numbers are increased by exposure to ionising radiations and their numbers can be correlated with the dose received. A more direct indicator of the acute radiation syndrome is the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, which is an indicator of damage to the haemopoietic system and may, therefore, be useful as a triage tool for assessing the likelihood of occurrence of the acute radiation syndrome in an individual without going through the intermediate step of estimating the dose received (Balajee et al 2021). Other indicators include lymphocyte depletion kinetics and various proteomic biomarkers (see section 4.4 of Blakely et al 2021).…”

Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responding to radiation accidents: what more do we need to know?

Thorne¹

2022

J. Radiol. Prot.

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A short review of the various types of radiation incidents and accidents that have occurred is used to provide a context for discussing the findings on medical management of the victims of such incidents and accidents reported in a recent Special Issue of the Journal of Radiological Protection. The review demonstrates that accidents and incidents giving rise to high radiation doses may involve over-exposure of a single individual, a few individuals, or very large numbers. In general, these exposures will be relatively short-term, ranging from a few seconds to a few days, but chronic situations resulting in high exposures can occur. Some of these exposures may be highly localised, whereas others may result in almost uniform whole-body irradiation. This diversity of situations means that it is not feasible to have a single protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of over-exposed individuals. If the over-exposures are limited to one or a few individuals, these can be addressed on a case-by-case basis. However, where large numbers have been exposed or may have been exposed, there is a need to implement a rapid and effective system of triage. Furthermore, this system is likely to have to be implemented by individuals who have little or no direct experience of radiation-induced injuries. For those individuals who may have been significantly exposed, the key consideration is not to determine the radiation dose that they have received, but to establish their present clinical status and how it is likely to develop with time. There is at most a very limited role for bone-marrow transplantation in the treatment of acute radiation syndrome, whereas there are good arguments for administering various treatments to boost bone marrow function together with other supportive interventions, e.g. in control of infections and handling both fluid loss and bleeding. However, there is concern that the focus to date has been only on the licencing of drugs related to the management of haematopoietic effects. Although a great deal is known about the diagnosis and treatment of injuries arising from high dose exposures, this knowledge is biased towards situations in which there is relatively uniform, external whole-body exposure. More attention needs to be given to assessing the implications of various inhomogeneous exposure regimes and to developing medical countermeasures optimised for addressing the complex, multi-organ effects likely to arise from such inhomogeneous exposures.

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Section: Approaches To Triagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responding to radiation accidents: what more do we need to know?

Thorne¹

2022

J. Radiol. Prot.

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“…In the case of low dose radiation exposures, cancer, cardiovascular disease, foetal abnormality, and chronic fatigue are examples of gross adverse effects [ 89 ]. These are thought to result from genomic instability, mutation in critical genes, microenvironment alterations leading to niche compromise, haematological insufficiency and immune dysfunction [ 7 , 29 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 ]. These in turn are attributed to DNA damage, elevated ROS, mitochondrial insufficiency, membrane channel imbalances and failure of “checks and balances” on the rate of specific enzyme reactions, leading to tipping points where metabolic malfunction occurs.…”

Section: Downstream Events—the Role Of Ribe and Rigimentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Dose and Non-Targeted Radiation Effects in Environmental Protection and Medicine—A New Model Focusing on Electromagnetic Signaling

Mothersill

Cocchetto

Seymour

2022

IJMS

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The role of signalling in initiating and perpetuating effects triggered by deposition of ionising radiation energy in parts of a system is very clear. Less clear are the very early steps involved in converting energy to chemical and biological effects in non-targeted parts of the system. The paper aims to present a new model, which could aid our understanding of the role of low dose effects in determining ultimate disease outcomes. We propose a key role for electromagnetic signals resulting from physico-chemical processes such as excitation decay, and acoustic waves. These lead to the initiation of damage response pathways such as elevation of reactive oxygen species and membrane associated changes in key ion channels. Critically, these signalling pathways allow coordination of responses across system levels. For example, depending on how these perturbations are transduced, adverse or beneficial outcomes may predominate. We suggest that by appreciating the importance of signalling and communication between multiple levels of organisation, a unified theory could emerge. This would allow the development of models incorporating time, space and system level to position data in appropriate areas of a multidimensional domain. We propose the use of the term “infosome” to capture the nature of radiation-induced communication systems which include physical as well as chemical signals. We have named our model “the variable response model” or “VRM” which allows for multiple outcomes following exposure to low doses or to signals from low dose irradiated cells, tissues or organisms. We suggest that the use of both dose and infosome in radiation protection might open up new conceptual avenues that could allow intrinsic uncertainty to be embraced within a holistic protection framework.

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A comparative validation of biodosimetry and physical dosimetry techniques for possible triage applications in emergency dosimetry

Sholom¹,

McKeever²,

Escalona³

et al. 2022

J. Radiol. Prot.

Self Cite

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Large-scale radiological accidents or nuclear terrorist incidents involving radiological or nuclear materials can potentially expose thousands, or hundreds of thousands, of people to unknown radiation doses, requiring prompt dose reconstruction for appropriate triage. Two types of dosimetry methods namely, biodosimetry and physical dosimetry are currently utilized for estimating absorbed radiation dose in humans. Both methods have been tested separately in several inter-laboratory comparison exercises, but a direct comparison of physical dosimetry with biological dosimetry has not been performed to evaluate their dose prediction accuracies. The current work describes the results of the direct comparison of absorbed doses estimated by physical (smartphone components) and biodosimetry (dicentric chromosome assay performed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes) methods. For comparison, human peripheral blood samples (biodosimetry) and different components of smartphones, namely surface mount resistors (SMRs), inductors and protective glasses (physical dosimetry) were exposed to different doses of photons (0 to 4.4 Gy; values refer to dose to blood after correction) and the absorbed radiation doses were reconstructed by biodosimetry (dicentric chromosome assay, DCA) and physical dosimetry (optically stimulated luminescence, OSL) methods. Additionally, LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) chips and Al2O3:C (Luxel) films were used as reference TL and OSL dosimeters, respectively. The best coincidence between biodosimetry and physical dosimetry was observed for samples of blood and SMRs exposed to γ-rays. Significant differences were observed in the reconstructed doses by the two dosimetry methods for samples exposed to X-ray photons with energy below 100 keV. The discrepancy is probably due to the energy dependence of mass energy-absorption coefficients of the samples extracted from the phones. Our results of comparative validation of the radiation doses reconstructed by luminescence dosimetry from smartphone components with biodosimetry using DCA from human blood suggest the potential use of smartphone components as an effective emergency triage tool for high photon energies.

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Cytogenetic follow-up studies on humans with internal and external exposure to ionizing radiation

Cited by 4 publications

References 100 publications

Responding to radiation accidents: what more do we need to know?

Responding to radiation accidents: what more do we need to know?

Low Dose and Non-Targeted Radiation Effects in Environmental Protection and Medicine—A New Model Focusing on Electromagnetic Signaling

A comparative validation of biodosimetry and physical dosimetry techniques for possible triage applications in emergency dosimetry

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