“…26,28,29 Bottom-up methods build up CDs from molecular precursors using hydrothermal treatment, microwave synthesis, ultrasonic synthesis, or thermal decomposition. 30 Additional post-treatment steps like surface passivation are often utilized to enhance the CDs' photoluminescence. 31–33 Functionalizing CDs by incorporating other atoms, especially transition metals, allows fine-tuning of their optoelectronic properties.…”