Cyrene: a bio-based novel and sustainable solvent for organic synthesis

Abstract

Dihydrolevoclucosenone (Cyrene is its market name) is a biomass-derived solvent, that can be produced in only two steps from biomass, while being biodegradable, non-mutagenic and non-toxic. Its “green” profile combined...

Levoglucosan and levoglucosenone as bio-based platforms for polymer synthesis

“…4). 31,32 Levoglucosenone is prepared on an industrial scale as part of the Furacell process. 7,31,33…”

“…4). 31,32 Levoglucosenone is prepared on an industrial scale as part of the Furacell process. 7,31,33 LGO has a synthetically valuable structure, possessing stereogenic centres and providing access to a variety of natural and unnatural compounds.…”

“…31,32 Levoglucosenone is prepared on an industrial scale as part of the Furacell process. 7,31,33 LGO has a synthetically valuable structure, possessing stereogenic centres and providing access to a variety of natural and unnatural compounds. 34,35 The 1,6-anhydro bridge locks the pyranose ring in a particular conformation, sterically hindering the β-face of the molecule, resulting in excellent facial selectivity.…”

Cyrene: a bio-based solvent for the Mizoroki–Heck reaction of aryl iodides

“…In 2011, Budarin et al introduced an alternative green solvent, derived from levoglucosenone (LGO), under the trade name Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone or 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanone). 9 This novel biomass-derived solvent attracted the interest of many researchers, since it is considered a sustainable replacement for popular polar organic solvents, such as N , N ′-dimethylformamide (DMF) and N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which are described as hazardous, both for the environment and human health. 10 The use of Cyrene instead of hazardous organic solvents manifests the idea presented by Anastas and coworkers, under the title of the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry.…”

Latest trends in the large-scale production of MOFs in accordance with the principles of green chemistry

“…Short reaction timeUneven flow at pressure Highly controlled mass and heat transport conditions Remarkable reproducibility The perfect method for large-scale production Aerogels or hydrogels Owing to their large porosity, high water content, and excellent biocompatibility, MOF composite hydrogels have a strong potential for biomedical applications High cost for large-scale production, including the cost of raw materials and equipment176,[188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199][200] The high porosity of MOF composite aerogels leads to strong potential applications in adsorption, while their low densities and excellent mechanical properties enhance their transportation and processability, respectivelyLow performance of MOFsComposite aerogels can also be reused after simple cleaning with water, which is ideal for industrial use The problem associated with the utilization of powdered MOFs is the possibility of dust formation Ionothermal Possibility of replacing harmful organic solvents such as DMF with ionic liquids High viscosity, low diffusion coefficients, and problematic recycling31, 130-135 and 190There is no need for reflux condensers or a sealed system that may contain autogenous pressure due to low or zero vapor pressure of IL High concentration of ions results in obtaining new, more porous materials Reduced surface area compared to MOFs based on unmodified Ils due to pore clogging…”