Cyanobacterial Toxins: Occurrence, Modes of Action, Health Effects and Exposure Routes

Hepatic Histopathological Characteristics and Antioxidant Response of Phytoplanktivorous Silver Carp Intraperitoneally Injected with Extracted Microcystins

“…The blooms not only decrease water quality, but also increase the risk to animals, humans and plants as a large number of species of Microcystis (mainly Microcystis aeruginosa) are capable of producing a group of highly potent hepatotoxins called microcystins (MCs) [1][2] . There are more than 70 microcystin isoforms, but the most commonly studied variant is microcystin-LR (MC-LR), followed by MC-RR and MC-YR [2] .…”

Optimization of an effective extraction procedure for the analysis of microcystins in soils and lake sediments

“…These hepatotoxins were involved in many cases of animal poisoning and human health problem in several countries worldwide (Codd et al, 1997;Fastner et al, 1998;Yu, 1989;Sivonen and Jones, 1999). In China, many freshwater lakes and reservoirs are contaminated with heavy cyanobacterial blooms during warm seasons, and most of the blooms produce a high concentration of microcystins (Li et al, 2001;Song et al, 1998), including microcystin-RR (RR), microcystin-LR (LR), and [Dha 7 ]microcystin-LR ([Dha 7 ]LR).…”

Isolation of a Arthrobacter sp. T11 that Degrades Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin Microcystin from the Sediment of a Shallow Hypertrophic Lake

“…Cyanobacteria, such as Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Anabaena and Nostoc species, produce a group of hepatotoxins called microcystin (MC) [5][6]. Among the 80 structural analogues of microcystin, microcystins-LR (MC-LR) and microcystins-RR (MC-RR) are the two most typical and toxic types which have been shown to affect the hepatopancreatic, digestive, dermal, endocrine and nervous systems in mammals (including humans) [7].…”