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Lahontan cutthroat, Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi. This painting by contemporary artist Robert Friedli was used as an illustration in a popular book on cutthroat trout (Trotter 1987). It demonstrates how much the boundaries between fine art and illustration have become blurred. On one hand, it is clearly not a scientific illustration. The colors are accurate because Friedli bases his paintings on photographs of trout he has caught himself, but features important to taxonomists, such as scale rows and fin rays, are painted with considerable liberty. On the other hand, modern paintings of this nature would rarely be found in a museum devoted to fine arts, even though an equivalent painting from sixteenth century Holland (a still life with fish) would be prominently displayed. Yet Friedli's watercolor paintings on paper are quite different from standard trout-leaping-out-of the-water paintings, usually painted with cold realism, that are so popular with anglers today. His style is clearly based on Japanese brush paintings, where a few brush strokes and white spaces tell the viewer as much about the environment of the fish as more detailed paintings of other artists. However, the trout also dominates the painting much more than is typical of traditional Japanese brush paintings (with the notable exception of Nakajima Raisho, 1796-1871, whose scrolls of fish are highly prized).Freiedli, Professor of Computers and Technology at Boise State University, Idaho, is clearly painting for an increasingly sophisticated audience of fly fishermen. Such anglers presumably appreciate his ability to catch the essence of a wild trout in an unsentimental way. The paintings deserve a wider audience.Lahontan cutthroat is used with permission of the artist and of Patrick C. Trotter.Trotter, P.C. 1987. Cutthroat: native trout of the West. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder. 219 pp.
Lahontan cutthroat, Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi. This painting by contemporary artist Robert Friedli was used as an illustration in a popular book on cutthroat trout (Trotter 1987). It demonstrates how much the boundaries between fine art and illustration have become blurred. On one hand, it is clearly not a scientific illustration. The colors are accurate because Friedli bases his paintings on photographs of trout he has caught himself, but features important to taxonomists, such as scale rows and fin rays, are painted with considerable liberty. On the other hand, modern paintings of this nature would rarely be found in a museum devoted to fine arts, even though an equivalent painting from sixteenth century Holland (a still life with fish) would be prominently displayed. Yet Friedli's watercolor paintings on paper are quite different from standard trout-leaping-out-of the-water paintings, usually painted with cold realism, that are so popular with anglers today. His style is clearly based on Japanese brush paintings, where a few brush strokes and white spaces tell the viewer as much about the environment of the fish as more detailed paintings of other artists. However, the trout also dominates the painting much more than is typical of traditional Japanese brush paintings (with the notable exception of Nakajima Raisho, 1796-1871, whose scrolls of fish are highly prized).Freiedli, Professor of Computers and Technology at Boise State University, Idaho, is clearly painting for an increasingly sophisticated audience of fly fishermen. Such anglers presumably appreciate his ability to catch the essence of a wild trout in an unsentimental way. The paintings deserve a wider audience.Lahontan cutthroat is used with permission of the artist and of Patrick C. Trotter.Trotter, P.C. 1987. Cutthroat: native trout of the West. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder. 219 pp.
Invasive hybridization and introgression pose a serious threat to the persistence of many native species. Understanding the effects of hybridization on native populations (e.g., fitness consequences) requires numerous species-diagnostic loci distributed genome-wide. Here we used RAD sequencing to discover thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are diagnostic between rainbow trout (RBT, Oncorhynchus mykiss), the world’s most widely introduced fish, and native westslope cutthroat trout (WCT, O. clarkii lewisi) in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. We advanced previous work that identified 4,914 species-diagnostic loci by using longer sequence reads (100 bp vs. 60 bp) and a larger set of individuals (n = 84). We sequenced RAD libraries for individuals from diverse sampling sources, including native populations of WCT and hatchery broodstocks of WCT and RBT. We also took advantage of a newly released reference genome assembly for RBT to align our RAD loci. In total, we discovered 16,788 putatively diagnostic SNPs, 10,267 of which we mapped to anchored chromosome locations on the RBT genome. A small portion of previously discovered putative diagnostic loci (325 of 4,914) were no longer diagnostic (i.e., fixed between species) based on our wider survey of non-hybridized RBT and WCT individuals. Our study suggests that RAD loci mapped to a draft genome assembly could provide the marker density required to identify genes and chromosomal regions influencing selection in admixed populations of conservation concern and evolutionary interest.
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