Cutaneous leishmaniasis: A neglected disfiguring disease for women

Bilgic-Temel, Aslı; Murrell, Dédée F.; Uzun, Soner

doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.01.002

Cited by 90 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Moreover, the cross-border movement from neighboring countries is a major challenge for a comprehensive CL control program. Iran has one of the longest borders [ 2 , 6 ] with neighboring countries in Western Asia. The migration of many people from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq to Iran, where the conditions are suitable for the spread of the parasite, vector, and reservoir, could further propagate the disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

et al. 2021

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Background Epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are occurring more frequently and spreading faster and farther than before in many areas of the world. The present study aimed to assess a long-lasting emerging epidemic (2005–2019) of 5532 cases with anthroponotic CL (ACL) in peri-urban areas of Kerman city in southeastern Iran. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was carried out for 15 years in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. The data were passively obtained through the health surveillance system and the Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center. Every subject was diagnosed using direct smear microscopy. The representative causative agent was further examined by ITS1-PCR, PCR-RFLP, 7SL RNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. For each subject, a case report form designating demographic and clinical data was recorded. Results A different pattern of ACL incidence was found in peri-urban areas compared to that in the city of Kerman. The incidence rate of ACL cases has significantly increased (P < 0.001) from 2005 to 2016 in new settlements with a gradual decline after that. The overall average risk of contracting the disease was 7.6 times higher in peri-urban areas compared to Kerman city, an old endemic focus. All isolates consisting of six variants were confirmed to be Leishmania tropica. The overall pattern of the ACL infection indicates that the etiological agent of ACL is propagated and transmitted by the bite of female Phlebotomus sergenti sandflies from person to person from dissimilar clones as reflected by the complexity of the migrants’ backgrounds in the province. Conclusions The movement of populations and establishment of new settlements in peri-urban areas close to endemic areas are major risk factors for and are directly linked to CL. The underlying factors of this emerging ACL epidemic caused by L. tropica were disasters and droughts, among others. A robust commitment to a multilateral approach is crucial to make improvements in this area. This will require decisive coordinated actions through all governmental factions and non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, active and passive case detection strategies, early diagnosis, and effective treatment could help control the disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leishmaniasis remains a serious concern among the most neglected and vector-borne diseases worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. There are several forms of classical and atypical leishmaniasis, among which three forms are principal: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

et al. 2021

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“…CL has great capacity to mimic other dermatoses, and can mislead practitioners especially in non-endemic regions. This can result in untreated lesions that cause scars or potential disease progression 3…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a globetrotting explorer

2019

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“…Several complications are also associated, such as post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), diffuse leishmaniasis, disseminated leishmaniasis and leishmaniasis recidivans ( 12 ). Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is considered the mildest and most common form of the disease, and can present as painless nodules, macules, papules or ulcerative lesions on exposed areas of the body ( 13 , 14 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis Beyond East Africa

Jones

Welburn

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Climate change is having a substantial impact on our environment and ecosystems and has altered the way humans live, access, and utilize resources with increased risk of zoonotic infectious disease encounters. As global temperatures continue to increase, they impact on public health, migration, food security and land conflict, and as new environments become favorable, exposure to disease carrying vectors. Increased forests or natural habitat clearance for land repurposing, urbanization, road building, and water management are related to an increase in emerging vector borne parasitic diseases. The East African region remains one of the most impacted regions globally for leishmaniasis, a vector borne disease that impacts significantly on the health, wellbeing and livelihoods of affected communities and for which a lack of reporting and control interventions hinder progress toward elimination of this neglected tropical disease. As our world continues to transform, both politically and climatically, it is essential that measures are put in place to improve surveillance and disease management with implementation of control measures, including vector control, especially in low- and middle-income countries that are expected to be most impacted by changes in climate. Only through effective management, now, can we be sufficiently resilient to preventing the inevitable spread of vectors into suitable habitat and expansion of the geographical range of leishmaniasis. This review offers a current perspective on Leishmaniasis as an endemic disease in East Africa and examines the potential of the recent emergence of Leishmania infection in hitherto unaffected regions to become a public health concern if no disease management is achieved.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis: A neglected disfiguring disease for women

Cited by 90 publications

References 59 publications

A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a globetrotting explorer

Leishmaniasis Beyond East Africa

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