Cutaneous laser-Doppler flowmetry: influence of underlying muscle blood flow

Saumet, J. L.; Kellogg, Dean L.; Taylor, W. F.; Johnson, John M.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.478

Cited by 148 publications

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“…Although this technique does not provide absolute skin blood flow values, it accurately and continuously tracts changes in skin blood flow (14) without being influenced by muscle blood flow (20). This technique has been routinely used to assess skin blood flow responses to a variety of perturbations that induced rapid changes in perfusion pressure, including VM (1, 18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Durand

Zhang²,

Cui

et al. 2004

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations. J Appl Physiol 97: 535-539, 2004. First published April 16, 2004 10.1152/japplphysiol.01299.2003.-Previous investigations of autoregulatory mechanisms in the control of skin blood flow suffer from the possibility of interfering effects of the autonomic nervous system. To address this question, in 11 subjects cutaneous vascular responses were measured during acute changes in perfusion pressure (using Valsalva maneuver; VM) before and after ganglionic blockade via systemic trimethaphan infusion. Cutaneous vascular conductance at baseline (CVC base) and during the last 5 s of the VM (CVC VM) were measured from forearm (nonglabrous) and palm (glabrous) skin. During the VM without ganglionic blockade, compared with CVCbase, CVCVM decreased significantly at the palm [0.79 Ϯ 0.17 to 0.55 Ϯ 0.17 arbitrary units (AU)/mmHg; P ϭ 0.002] but was unchanged at the forearm (0.13 Ϯ 0.02 to 0.16 Ϯ 0.02 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.50). After ganglionic blockade, VM induced pronounced decreases in perfusion pressure, which resulted in significant increases in CVC VM at both forearm (0.19 Ϯ 0.03 to 0.31 Ϯ 0.07 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.008) and palm (1.84 Ϯ 0.29 to 2.76 Ϯ 0.63 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.003) sites. These results suggest that, devoid of autonomic control, both glabrous and nonglabrous skin are capable of exhibiting vasomotor autoregulation during pronounced reductions in perfusion pressure. autoregulation; skin blood flow; Valsalva maneuver CUTANEOUS TISSUE HAS RELATIVELY low metabolic requirements, and control of skin blood flow is primary influenced by thermal factors (e.g., local and internal temperatures). Skin blood flow can also be modulated by nonneurally mediated events, one of which may be vascular cutaneous autoregulation. Vascular autoregulation serves to maintain blood flow and nutrient supply when perfusion pressure is altered. In addition, autoregulatory responses attenuate large changes in capillary pressure that otherwise would occur during changes in perfusion pressure (15).Cutaneous blood flow during normothermic conditions is in excess of that required to provide for its metabolic demand. Given this, the requirement to autoregulate blood flow through this vascular bed during relatively small changes in perfusion pressure would be less critical relative to other vascular beds. Such a response is likely advantageous given that precise autoregulation of cutaneous vasculature would oppose thermally induced cutaneous vasoconstriction and vasodilation, which are necessary to maintain temperature homeostasis (21).The venoarteriolar response is an example of a vascular autoregulatory mechanism that has been identified and widely investigated in human skin (3,7,9,13,23). However, the stimulus for this response is a change in venous pressure regardless of whether perfusion pressure changes or remains constant. This response also requires an intact local neural network (3,7,10,13,23), which is in contrast to traditional myogenic vascular autor...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Durand

Zhang²,

Cui

et al. 2004

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…It enables a sensitive, continuous, noninvasive and real-time assessment of blood flow, being uninfluenced by the underlying skeletal muscle blood flow (Saumet et al, 1988).…”

Section: Laser Doppler Flowmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This must be taken into consideration when designing the measurements and interpreting the results. On the other hand, LDF has many advantages over some other methods: it is noninvasive, it can determine dynamic changes in skin microcirculation being uninfluenced by the underlying muscle blood flow (Saumet et al, 1988), it is easy applicable, reproducible, and, compared to many other methods, is relatively attractive regarding its price. As such, it remains the gold standard for assessing skin microcirculation and its reactivity in research purposes as well as in clinical practice.…”

Section: Wwwintechopencommentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Human Skin Microcirculation and Its Endothelial Function Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry

Lenasi¹

2011

Medical Imaging

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“…Skin blood flow (SkBF) was monitored continuously with laser-Doppler flow meters (ALF21, Advance, Tokyo, Japan). The blood flow measurements are specific to the skin and are not influenced by blood flow to underlying skeletal muscle (33). The local temperature (T loc) of the 6.3-cm 2 area surrounding the site of SkBF measurement was controlled by a local temperature controller (model 888, Scholertec, Osaka, Japan).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists

Yamazaki

Yuge

2011

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Yamazaki F, Yuge N. Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists. J Appl Physiol 111: 170-176, 2011. First published April 28, 2011 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00068.2011In this study, to test the hypothesis that adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses of the legs are greater compared with the arms in human skin, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) in the forearm and calf were compared during the infusion of adrenergic agonists in healthy young volunteers. Under normothermic conditions, norepinephrine (NE, ␣-and ␤-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 M), phenylephrine (PHE, ␣1-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 M), dexmedetomidine (DEX, ␣2-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ9 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 M), and isoproterenol (ISO, ␤-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 M) were administered by intradermal microdialysis. Skin blood flow (SkBF) was measured by laserDoppler flowmetry, and the local temperature at SkBF-measuring sites was maintained at 34°C throughout the experiments. CVC was calculated as the ratio of SkBF to blood pressure and expressed relative to the baseline value before drug infusion. The dose of NE at the onset of vasoconstriction and the effective dose (ED50) resulting in 50% of the maximal vasoconstrictor response for NE were lower (P Ͻ 0.001) in the calf than forearm. The ED50 for PHE and DEX was also lower (P Ͻ 0.05) in the calf than forearm. Increases in CVC in response to ISO were potentially smaller in the calf, but the statistical differences in the responses were dependent on the expressions of CVC. These findings suggest that the cutaneous vasoconstrictor responsiveness to exogenous NE is greater in the legs than in the arms due to a higher ␣1-and ␣2-adrenoceptor reactivity, while the ␤-adrenoceptor function plays a minor role in regional differences in adrenergic vasoconstriction in normothermic humans. skin blood flow; exogenous norepinephrine; ␣-adrenergic receptor; ␤-adrenergic receptor; microdialysis IN HUMANS, peripheral vasoconstrictor responses to upright posture show heterogeneity between the upper and lower limbs (14,16,22,48). The findings from previous studies suggest that the leg vasculature is more responsive to orthostatic stimulation than the arm vasculature. The augmented vasoconstrictor response observed in the human lower-leg vasculature is influenced by sympathetic and local mechanisms (14,22,24,38) and could play an important regulatory role by limiting the degree to which blood accumulates in the legs during orthostatic stress (29,30).The vasoconstrictor response to the upright posture is via reflex and nonreflex (e.g., venoarteriolar response) mechanisms. The reflex vasoconstriction is influenced by centrally driven activity in sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves and postjunctional adrenergic receptor responsiveness. With regard to the central sympathetic outflow, similar increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity have been shown in the arm and leg during orthostatic stress (14, 31). In addition, similar increases in regional norepinephrine (NE) spillover have been re...

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Cutaneous laser-Doppler flowmetry: influence of underlying muscle blood flow

Cited by 148 publications

References 0 publications

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Assessment of Human Skin Microcirculation and Its Endothelial Function Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry

Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists

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