Cutaneous anthrax in the Rostov region of Russia: Difficulties in the clinical diagnostics

Abstract

Background: Avian influenza (AI) infected and spread to 97 Local Government Areas affecting 25 of the 36 States of Nigeria. Virulent form of Newcastle disease has assumed endemic status in Nigeria. The study was conducted to detect the prevalence of H5 and H7 AI viruses and virulent strains of ND virus in poultry and wild birds in Bauchi and Gombe States, Nigerian.Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting and testing cloacal swabs and blood of 910 apparently healthy domestic and 90 wild birds in randomly selected households and farms. Poultry species, captive and free flying wild birds were sampled in the study. All sera tested for the presence of H7 AI antibodies using (ELISA) and (HI) tests were negative.Results: Of the 500 sera tested from each state for AI H5 antibodies using (HI) and (ELISA) tests, 30 and 28 were positive in Bauchi and Gombe States respectively with a higher (16) detection rate by (HI). Thus AI H5 seroprevalence of 4.6% for both states and 3.2% and 4.9% for Bauchi and Gombe states respectively were obtained.The assessment of ND status showed seroprevalence of 36% in Bauchi State and 47% in Gombe State with an overall seroprevalence of 38.5% in both states. The highest specific prevalence of ND were 61.5% in Bauchi north and 57.6% in Gombe north. Chickens held the highest seroprevalence of AI H5 (3.2%) followed by turkeys (0.6%), guinea fowls (0.2%) and pigeons 0.2%. poultry in live bird markets had a 1.6% specific seroprevalence, 3.0% was obtained for commercial poultry and 2% for free ranging poultry. Molecular detection of NDV using PCR gave an overall prevalence of 17% with the prevalence of 8.5% in poultry and wild birds respectively. Local chickens held 10% of the total ND prevalence Conclusion: Avian influenza H5 and ND antibodies and viruses were detected at significant levels in apparently healthy domestic and wild birds. Strategies for effective AI and ND control measures should therefore incorporate AI and ND routine and sustainable surveillance in domestic and wild birds held in households, commercial farms and LBMs.http://dx.