Customized Bio‐functionalization of Nanocomposite Carbon Paste Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing: A Mini Review

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the (bio)functionalization of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as nanohorns, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite and related with a wide range of (bio)modifiers have been extensively studied for their incorporation on different pure metal or carbon electrode surfaces via drop‐casting. However, CNMs are also shown to be important functional additives for polymers, having great potential to produce rigid nanocomposite materials with a range of enhanced properties, including mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal and electrochemical. The high malleability derived from the host polymer allows alternative strategies that can be carried out in order to incorporate different types of (bio)modifiers in/on/into a polymeric nanocomposite electrode. Accordingly, this mini review overviews the main methodologies used for the bio‐functionalization of electrochemical transducers based on nanocomposite carbon paste electrodes (NC‐CPEs). Additionally, the most extensively (bio)modifiers used in electrochemical (bio)sensing, together with their various electrocatalytical performance are also discussed, fact that might serve as a general outlook for planning further research.

Accounts in 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Sensors: Towards Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants

“…Among the wide range of bio-analytical applications offered by electrochemical sensing devices, [52][53][54][55] the electroanalytical determination of toxic environmental pollutants in the aqueous system has gained momentum due to its widespread requirement in several areas, such as clinical research, public health and societal welfare. [56][57][58][59] The pollution promoted by certain hazardous substances released into the environment due to either natural or artificial processes, including heavy metals, chemical toxins, phenolics and/or inorganic and organic pollutants, presents a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health.…”

Study of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Using Ionic Liquid/Cobalt Porphyrin Systems as Electro and Photoelectrocatalysts

“…The time is obtained from the ratio between magnitude of E O and scan rate (0.1 V·s −1 ), therefore Q = 1.74·10 −3 C for Gr/IL/Co and 1.62·10 −3 C for Gr/IL/Co 395 nm. In Equation (5), N is the amount of catalyst deposited on electrode in moles, F is the Faraday constant (96485 C·mol-1), [32] n is the number of electrons involved in the reaction, which in the case of HER are 2. In this way, it is determined the catalyst quantity and the turnover number (Table 3).…”

“…This reaction has been widely studied because of its potential use as fuel in the production of clean and sustainable energy [1,2]. Electrodes manufactured with carbonaceous materials [3,4] have been designed to electrocatalyze this reaction, for instance in the case of carbon paste electrodes [5,6]. These electrodes can include other components in order to improve their electrochemical and electrical properties.…”

Synergetic Effects of Combined Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications

“…As an example for electrochemical transduction, carbon paste electrodes provide unlimited possibilities to combine any type of carbon material with (nanosized) fillers conferring improved performances to the biosensor device. Selected examples and procedures of customized carbon paste-based biosensors were summarized by Muñoz et al [ 82 ]. The following section presents some further examples of successful combinations of nanostructured carbon allotropes with other materials with synergetic effects for enhanced biosensor performance.…”