Customer racial discrimination for baseball memorabilia

Gabriel, Paul E.; Johnson, Curtis D.; Stanton, Timothy J.

doi:10.1080/000368499323210

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Similarly there is evidence of both racial progress and continued inequality in the media that are exclusively dedicated to sports news coverage (see Gonzales et al 2006;Gabriel et al 1999;Evans 1997). The media descriptions and depictions are significant because, as Richard Majors (1998) has observed, sports and the sport media do not operate in a vacuum, and for that reason they reflect (and inform) the economic and social systems that support them.…”

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confidence: 93%

An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers

2007

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This paper examines racial messages in sport and how racial ideologies may be communicated through media sources dedicated to sports coverage. Our research specifically explores the changing participation levels of black and white athletes in professional basketball and football, and the extent to which these athletes were featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine between 1954 and 2004. As an institution, sport has played a major role in both revolutionizing and reinforcing racial attitudes. Since the 1960s, corresponding with the Civil Rights Movement, the number of professional minority athletes has increased greatly. Their representation on the cover of Sports Illustrated has also increased, but not necessarily in relation to their participation rates.Americans love their sports and we know how to prove it. They spend billions of dollars each year on sports related activities and items. They fork over the cash on everything from tickets to live sporting events to special cable and satellite packages. For those who splurge to see a live event, the opportunity to spend continues.

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confidence: 93%

An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers

2007

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“…Some research has found a racial bias in card values (Fort and Gill 2000;Regoli 2000;Gabriel et al 1999;Bloom 1997;Andersen and LaCroix 1991;Hines 1991;Nardinelli and Simon 1990). Other research appears to find minimal or no racial bias, or report mixed results Primm et al 2006;Hewitt et al 2005;Messitte and Powell 1995;Regoli 1991).…”

Section: Race and Sports Cardsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…For example, Gabriel et al (1999) examined rookie cards 2 of baseball players produced by Topps between 1974 and1982;Nardinelli and Simon (1990) investigated all cards of baseball players produced by Topps in 1970; Hewitt et al (2005) examined a sub-sample of rookie cards of members of the baseball Hall of Fame (HOF); and Primm et al (2006) studied a sub-sample of rookie cards of members of the Pro Football HOF and non-members who had been on the final ballot for election. Other differences between the studies in this area include the variety of independent variables utilized as well as their measurement.…”

Section: Race and Sports Cardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where Are We and How Did We Get Here? Assessing Race, Performance, and Position in Topps Football Card Placement

2007

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Sports cards may seem to be of little interest to social scientists, but sports cards and card collecting can be a rich and unique source of data for examining the social world. They reveal information not only about those who collect them, but about the society and social conditions under which they are produced. This paper examines a very unique numbering system developed by the Topps Chewing Gum Company (Topps) to differentiate status among the players appearing on the cards in its annual football sets. The system Topps developed assigned a number to each card that designated a player's placement in a set, while simultaneously creating a hierarchical ordering among the players, purportedly based on their performance. Was the ranking of players in the numbering system truly based on performance or on other criteria, such as race? The findings of this study suggest that player position, and to a lesser degree his on-the-field performance, not race, was the main determinant of where he was located in the card set.Keywords Football . Race . Status Sports card collecting began rather accidentally. During the late nineteenth century the tobacco tycoon James Buchanan "Buck" Duke (founder of Duke University) started putting small slips of cardboard into packs of cigarettes to stiffen them to help prevent damage during shipping. Each piece of cardboard had advertising on one J Afr Am St (2008) 12:73-84

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“…But other factors might also influence which cards become more sought after and valued. Some research has explored the notion that racism might play a role in the social activity of sports card collecting (Andersen and La Croix 1991;Fort and Gill 2000;Gabriel et al 1999;Hewitt et al 2005;Messitte and Powell 1995;Nardinelli and Simon 1990;Regoli 1991Regoli , 2000Regoli et al 2005;Stone and Warren 1999). With the exception of Regoli and his colleagues (2005), none of the research has been on football cards.…”

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confidence: 95%

Does Membership Have Its Rewards? The Effects of Race and Hall of Fame Membership on Football Card Values

Primm

Regoli

Hewitt

2006

Sociological Spectrum

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This article examines the effects of the race and Hall of Fame membership of professional football players on the value of their ''rookie'' football cards. Several studies have examined the impact of race on the value of baseball cards, but only one paper has examined this topic among football card collectors. Data were derived from 177 black and white football players who are members of the NFL Hall of Fame or who have been on the final voting ballot for the Hall. All of the players in the sample started their careers after professional football became racially integrated. Data for each player's race, value of their rookie card, card availability (scarcity), performance, Hall membership, and position were obtained from secondary sources. The principle finding of the study is that whenThe authors would like to thank Rob Preuhs and the staff and faculty of the Department of Sociology at the University of Colorado for supporting our research.

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Customer racial discrimination for baseball memorabilia

Cited by 30 publications

References 3 publications

An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers

An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers

Where Are We and How Did We Get Here? Assessing Race, Performance, and Position in Topps Football Card Placement

Does Membership Have Its Rewards? The Effects of Race and Hall of Fame Membership on Football Card Values

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