Current Trends in Analytical Methods for the Determination of Hydroxychloroquine and Its Application as Treatment for COVID‐19

Abstract

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a drug indicated in rheumatology for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus for its anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Many countries such as Morocco have recommended the use of HCQ for the treatment of COVID‐19 infection. This medication is responsible for severe acute poisoning. Therefore, Hospital laboratories have a fundamental role in affirming the diagnosis and assessing the severity of intoxication by measuring HCQ, carried out in the urine and preferably in whole blood. The analytical techniques used are essentially chromatographic. Unfortunately, these reference methods for forensic analyzes are difficult to adapt to emergency due to their delay in reporting results.

Boosting the Electrochemical Detection Response Toward Hydroxychloroquine via Tungsten Trioxide Nanorods/Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposite

“…8 An overdose of HQ in the bloodstream results in acute adverse effects attributable to rapid absorption and accumulation in the blood plasma. 6 As per literature reports, an abnormally high level of HQ is remotely associated with irreversible retina damage, liver and kidney problems, ophthalmic complications, lymph system disorders, heart arrhythmias, and cardiovascular collapse. 9−11 Regardless, several countries advocate and continue to administer HQ for COVID management.…”

“…1−5 HQ's anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory nature have led it to be recognized as a vital medication by the World Health Organization (WHO). 3,6 The year 2020 saw an unforeseen surge in the global demand for HQ in COVID-19 treatment. 4,7 Due to the surplus supply and usage of this medication, the United States Food and Drug Administration rescinded the emergency usage authorization for HQ, citing its inefficiency as a remedy for COVID-19.…”

Prospective approach to manage COVID-19-related cytokine storm; an updated review on current concepts

“…This drug was previously recommended in SARS-CoV-2. However, scientists advised that its use should be with caution due to the possible adverse effects (51). Currently, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine are not recommended in either non-hospitalized or hospitalized individuals with SARS-CoV-2 for treatment (52).…”

Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide by Ethyl Acetate and Its Utilization in Determining Hydroxychloroquine in Wastewater and Pharmaceutical Samples

“…Side effects on the skin include pruritus, skin rash, and hair loss [8,9] . Moreover, the pharmacokinetic investigations demonstrate that a residue of HCQ over than 6.5 mg/kg per day has possible dangers to human metabolisms, including problems with the heart, outer retina, and respiration disorders [10,11] . And according to reports, HCQ biomolecules have a lengthy limitation half‐life between one and two months [12,13] .…”

“…[8,9] Moreover, the pharmacokinetic investigations demonstrate that a residue of HCQ over than 6.5 mg/kg per day has possible dangers to human metabolisms, including problems with the heart, outer retina, and respiration disorders. [10,11] And according to reports, HCQ biomolecules have a lengthy limitation half-life between one and two months. [12,13] Which will urge to develop fast and accurate analytical methods for detection and quantification of HCQ in real samples.…”