Abstract:Increased penetration of converter-based power generation has enforced system operators to require ancillary services from distributed generation in order to support the grid and improve the power system stability and reliability. Recent and next generation of grid codes require asymmetrical current provision during unbalanced faults for optimal voltage support. To address this, based on the highly used flexible positive and negative-sequence control method for current reference generation, this paper presents… Show more
“…A finite control set MPC is proposed in [332] to enhance the stability under unbalanced grid conditions which provides fast dynamic response and a robust feedback linearising control strategy based on SMC is presented in [333], which considers the dc side converter and compares the results with a PI-based control strategy. Considering the nextgeneration grid code requirements, Taul et al [334] proposed a general current reference strategy for asymmetrical fault control through a direct explicit method to calculate power references and controller gains taking into account the power limits of the converter. The strategy discussed in [335] decouples unbalance and harmonic compensation in the phase sequences and the frequency domain for a grid-connected inverter and is designed to be sequence asymmetric to achieve compensation.…”
Section: Unbalance Mitigation In the Grid-connected Modementioning
Unbalance or asymmetry in the distribution network is a well-known power quality issue. In the modern active distribution system, with the increasing penetration of renewables, this phenomenon becomes more pronounced. In the context of microgrids (MGs), several works have been proposed for the management and mitigation of the unbalance, for both the sharing of unbalanced load and maintaining the voltage quality in the islanded mode and for the control of distributed generators in the grid-connected mode during unbalanced conditions. This study comprehensively reviews, summarises, and classifies the various strategies of the unbalance mitigation techniques for the islanded and grid-connected modes of operation for threephase MGs and presents the possible challenges and avenues for future investigations on the topic.
“…A finite control set MPC is proposed in [332] to enhance the stability under unbalanced grid conditions which provides fast dynamic response and a robust feedback linearising control strategy based on SMC is presented in [333], which considers the dc side converter and compares the results with a PI-based control strategy. Considering the nextgeneration grid code requirements, Taul et al [334] proposed a general current reference strategy for asymmetrical fault control through a direct explicit method to calculate power references and controller gains taking into account the power limits of the converter. The strategy discussed in [335] decouples unbalance and harmonic compensation in the phase sequences and the frequency domain for a grid-connected inverter and is designed to be sequence asymmetric to achieve compensation.…”
Section: Unbalance Mitigation In the Grid-connected Modementioning
Unbalance or asymmetry in the distribution network is a well-known power quality issue. In the modern active distribution system, with the increasing penetration of renewables, this phenomenon becomes more pronounced. In the context of microgrids (MGs), several works have been proposed for the management and mitigation of the unbalance, for both the sharing of unbalanced load and maintaining the voltage quality in the islanded mode and for the control of distributed generators in the grid-connected mode during unbalanced conditions. This study comprehensively reviews, summarises, and classifies the various strategies of the unbalance mitigation techniques for the islanded and grid-connected modes of operation for threephase MGs and presents the possible challenges and avenues for future investigations on the topic.
“…This means that the average parts of both the classical and extended active/reactive powers are equal to each other. Consequently, based on the previous analysis, the following equation can be obtained as, (12) Energies 2020, 13, 6077 5 of 16…”
This paper develops a voltage modulated direct power control (VM-DPC) strategy of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using extended power theory under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. By introducing the modulated voltage of the active and reactive powers and the non-linear VM controller, the proposed VM-DPC strategy enables the generator dynamics to change from the time-varying differential equations into the time-invariant ones. Then, in order to deal with the voltage unbalance, three available power feedbacks, a combination of real active power and extended reactive power, a combination of extended active power and real reactive power, a combination of extended active power and extended reactive power, are developed. Together with a conventional controller (PI + R and feedforwards) and a non-linear VM controller, the power feedbacks are well controlled to track their references with the achievement of the constant active power, the constant reactive power and the balanced stator current. The main advantage of the VM-DPC strategy is the introduction of the modulated voltage and the non-linear VM controller making the generator dynamics time-invariant, which is easy for applying various control methods. Furthermore, the application of extended power can avoid the sequence extractions and the power compensations under unbalanced grid voltage. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed VM-DPC strategy.
“…Another similar study proposed in [34] to develop a dual functional controller for single‐phase fuel cell‐based GCI. A flexible control strategy is proposed to fulfil new grid code requirements for asymmetrical FRT of the GCI in [35]. Shuai et al [36] investigate the fault current characteristics of the 3P4W inverter and present a new overcurrent protection based on the estimation of the maximum phase current amplitude.…”
The growing interest in connecting more distributed generation (DG) units to the utility grid, microgrids deal with the various challenges to satisfy a sufficient level of ancillary services such as active power oscillations (APOs), reactive power oscillations (RPOs), fault ride-through (FRT) capability, and overcurrent problem. Hence, for parallel operated grid-connected inverters (GCIs) based MG, this study presents a multi-objective control scheme that simultaneously ensures elimination of the collective APOs/RPOs at point of common coupling (PCC), overcurrent protection and reactive power injection. One of the significant parts of this study compared with similar existing studies is that provides reactive power support capability to fulfil the FRT requirements of the grid-connected multi-DG units and to remain grid-connected during asymmetrical grid faults. A current restraining control is also presented to ensure the safe operation of the MG system and to avoid overcurrent. The cancellation of the collective APOs and RPOs at the PCC for parallel operation of the GCIs has been achieved by using adjustable control coefficients and demonstrated with theoretical analyses in detail. Extensive case studies are presented and discussed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed ideas and to meet the shortcomings of the previous studies.
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