Current Options and Future Perspectives on Bone Graft and Biomaterials Substitutes for Bone Repair, from Clinical Needs to Advanced Biomaterials Research

Abstract

The ideal biomaterials substitute for bone repair should possess the following characteristics: provide osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties; stimulate the neo-angiogenesis process; absence of antigenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic reactions; avoid the systemic toxicity complications; assure satisfactory support and stability from mechanical properties point of view; hydrophilic nature of the surface properties and good interface with human bone; good handling in clinical condition and ability to be easy sterilized; and able to be supplied in sufficient quantities with reduced costs. Despite years of effort, the perfect bone reconstruction material has not yet been developed; further effort is required to make this objective feasible. The aim of this article is to provide a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the grafting materials that can be applied for the treatment of bone defects by the clinicians from orthopedics surgery, neurosurgery and dentistry, discussing their properties, advantages and disadvantages, and illuminating present and future perspectives in the field of bone graft and biomaterials substitutes for bone repair, from clinical needs to advanced biomaterials research.

Histological Assessment of Bone Regeneration in the Maxilla with Homologous Bone Graft: A Feasible Option for Maxillary Bone Reconstruction

“…The ideal biomaterials [15] for bone graft procedures should possess the following characteristics: provide osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties; stimulate the neo-angiogenesis process; absence of antigenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic reactions; avoid systemic toxicity complications; assure satisfactory support and stability from mechanical properties point of view; hydrophilic nature of the surface properties and good interface with human bone; good handling in clinical condition and ability to be easy sterilized; and able to be supplied in sufficient quantities with reduced costs [16]. Therefore, there is not yet an ideal biomaterial with all those characteristics.…”

Deposition of multilayer coatings onto highly porous materials by Layer-by-Layer assembly for bone tissue engineering applications using cyclic mechanical deformation and perfusion

“…Various methods, such as autografts, allografts, and synthetic biomaterial-based bone grafts, are used to repair bone defects. 1,2 However, autologous and allografts have certain clinical limitations. 3 To overcome these limitations, tissue-engineered bone scaffolds and synthetic biomaterial bone grafts are being explored and are gaining popularity.…”

Mechanobiological Optimization of Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Synthetic scaffolds, a class of bone graft substitutes aimed at engineering new bone tissue, offer an alternative to autogenic, allogenic, and xenogenic bone grafts that can avoid the risks and complications associated with using bone tissue from patients, donors, or animals, respectively. However, despite substantial research in the field of bone tissue engineering, autografts remain the gold standard of treatment due to their superior ability to promote osteogenic differentiation (Georgeanu et al, 2023). By considering mechanobiological factors, which are known to promote bone formation (Scott et al, 2008;Moraes et al, 2011), when designing scaffold architectures, it may be possible to improve the performance of synthetic scaffolds to rival that of bone grafts.…”