Current Evidence on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ADHD Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications

Checa-Ros, Ana; Jeréz-Calero, Antonio; Molina-Carballo, Antonio; Campoy, Cristina; Muñóz-Hoyos, Antonio

doi:10.3390/nu13010249

Cited by 64 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 203 publications

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“…Consistently, an increasing number of studies have shown gut microbiome alterations in neurodevelopmental disorders [14][15][16][17][18][19]. For ADHD, an increasing number of studies have reported that the gut microbial diversity, bacterial composition, and/or relative abundance of several bacterial taxa differ between patients and healthy controls [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Although not confirmed by others [20,22,27,], some studies found differences in microbiota alpha [23,28,] or beta diversity [23,24,] in ADHD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Gut microbiota signature in treatment-naïve attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

et al. 2021

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Compelling evidence supports alterations in gut microbial diversity, bacterial composition, and/or relative abundance of several bacterial taxa in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, findings for ADHD are inconsistent among studies, and specific gut microbiome signatures for the disorder remain unknown. Given that previous studies have mainly focused on the pediatric form of the disorder and involved small sample sizes, we conducted the largest study to date to compare the gastrointestinal microbiome composition in 100 medication-naïve adults with ADHD and 100 sex-matched healthy controls. We found evidence that ADHD subjects have differences in the relative abundance of several microbial taxa. At the family level, our data support a lower relative abundance of Gracilibacteraceae and higher levels of Selenomonadaceae and Veillonellaceae in adults with ADHD. In addition, the ADHD group showed higher levels of Dialister and Megamonas and lower abundance of Anaerotaenia and Gracilibacter at the genus level. All four selected genera explained 15% of the variance of ADHD, and this microbial signature achieved an overall sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 71% for distinguishing between ADHD patients and healthy controls. We also tested whether the selected genera correlate with age, body mass index (BMI), or scores of the ADHD rating scale but found no evidence of correlation between genera relative abundance and any of the selected traits. These results are in line with recent studies supporting gut microbiome alterations in neurodevelopment disorders, but further studies are needed to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota on the ADHD across the lifespan and its contribution to the persistence of the disorder from childhood to adulthood.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Gut microbiota signature in treatment-naïve attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

et al. 2021

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“…The latest research in childhood ADHD has slowly shifted from just concerned about genetics to more and more focus on the gut bacteria, which play an important role (Bundgaard-Nielsen et al, 2020;Checa-Ros et al, 2021). Indeed, changes in gut microbiota profiles in children with ADHD have been reported in several studies (Hiergeist et al, 2020).…”

Section: Changes Of Gut Bacteria By Counting the Surviving Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Impact on the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children

Zhou

Jiang

et al. 2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) seriously affects children’s health, and the gut microbiome has been widely hypothesized to play a role in the regulation of ADHD behavior. The present study aims to the biosynthesize of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) by using Acinetobacter johnsonii strain RTN1, followed by their characterization through state-of-the-art material characterization techniques, viz., UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopic analyses with energy dispersive spectrometry. Moreover, we investigated and compared the population composition of gut microbiota and their susceptibility to biogenic ZnONPs between healthy and ADHD children based on the traditional plate method and 16S rRNA amplicon sequence analysis. The antibacterial effect of ZnONPs against gut bacteria was also determined by measurement of live cell number, living/dead bacterial staining test, and flow cytometry observation. The present study revealed that the number of live gut bacteria in healthy children was more than 10-fold higher than that in ADHD children; however, the community structure of gut bacteria has changed, while greater diversity was found in gut bacteria from ADHD children. In addition, we found that the number of live gut bacteria in healthy and ADHD children was reduced by ZnONPs, which shows an increased and reduced effect in composition of gut bacteria from healthy and ADHD children, respectively. It was also noted that the main mechanism of ZnONPs may be to inhibit the growth of gut bacteria rather than to kill them, while the nanoparticle-resistant strains in healthy children is also different from that in ADHD children. Some representative bacteria, in particular nanoparticle-resistant bacteria, were successfully isolated and identified. Overall, this study revealed the potential correlation of ADHD with gut bacteria and provided a new possibility to prevent ADHD by the combination of nanoparticle and its resistant bacteria.

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“…[2] Several possible mechanisms and factors may elucidate the link between allergic diseases and neurobehavioral disorders. [2,5,10] First, inflammation and immunologic dysregulation may play synergistic roles in increasing the risk of ADHD in allergic diseases. [2,29] Immaturity of the immune system during early life stages leads to exposure to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines among allergic children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2,29] Immaturity of the immune system during early life stages leads to exposure to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines among allergic children. [10] Allergic reactions result in hypersecretion of Immunoglobulin E and inflammatory cytokines from T-helper type 2 (Th2) and T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells, which penetrate the blood-brain barrier and activate neuroimmune mechanisms in the brain circuits associated with emotional and behavior control, such as the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. [2,29,32] Functional and structural changes in these areas result in cognitive disturbances which resemble ADHD symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2,[4][5][6][7][8][9] Early respiratory allergy symptoms and food allergy independently and synergistically contributed to an increased ADHD risk. [10] In an analysis of 19 US population-based surveys, attention deficit (AD) alone, asthma alone, and AR alone were each significantly associated with ADHD, and the combination of AD and asthma further increased ADHD risk. [11] A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies revealed an overall weighted odds ratio of 1.34 for asthma, 1.32 for atopic eczema and 1.52 for allergic rhinitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association Between Allergic Diseases and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms in Children Aged 6–12 Years Using the Filipino Version of the Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale

Madulara¹,

Andaya²

2021

JMUST

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BACKGROUND: Over the last decades, the hypothesis that an allergic response could lead to the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was raised and clinical studies investigated the co-existence of both. These studies had shown that allergic diseases and neurobehavioral disorders were concurrent and could be associated with genetic factors, neuroimmunity and microbial dysbiosis. To date, this was the first study in the Philippines to evaluate the prevalence and association of allergic diseases, its severity and ADHD symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association of allergic diseases and ADHD symptoms among children aged 6–12 years based on parental report using the Filipino version of the Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale. METHODS: School-aged children between 6 and 12 years with physician diagnosed allergies (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, drug allergy, food allergy and/or acute or chronic urticaria) were randomly selected. Skin prick test (SPT) to aeroallergens was done. The parents completed the Filipino version of the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS), a screening tool for ADHD. RESULTS: Among the 415 patients, 135 (32.5%) of them screened positive for ADHD symptoms. Upon assessment of the Vanderbilt parent rating subscale responses, 13.49% of the children were categorized as predominantly inattentive subtype, 6.02% as predominantly hyperactive/impulsive subtype and 13.01% as combined inattention/hyperactivity. Three hundred and seventy six (91%) children were diagnosed with asthma. Among these asthmatics, 119 (32%) had ADHD symptoms with the following subtypes – predominantly inattentive subtype (13.56%), predominantly hyperactive/impulsive subtype (5.05%) and combined inattention/hyperactivity (13.03%). Combined inattention/hyperactivity subtype had a significant proportion of severe asthmatics, as compared to mild or moderate asthma (p value = 0.026). Furthermore, 389 (94%) children were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. Among these patients, 130 (33%) had ADHD symptoms with the following subtypes – predominantly inattentive subtype (13.62%), predominantly hyperactive/impulsive subtype (6.43%) and combined inattention/hyperactivity (13.37%). However, evidence was not sufficient to demonstrate an association between ADHD subtypes and allergic rhinitis severity. Lastly, 206 (50%) children were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. Among these patients, 71 (34%) had ADHD symptoms with the following subtypes – predominantly inattentive subtype (14.56%), predominantly hyperactive/impulsive subtype (4.85%) and combined inattention/hyperactivity (15.05%). However, there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate a link between ADHD subtypes and atopic dermatitis severity. CONCLUSION: Children with allergies, especially those with severe asthma, are more likely to have ADHD symptoms. Key words: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, allergic disease, allergic sensitization, asthma

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Current Evidence on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ADHD Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications

Cited by 64 publications

References 203 publications

Gut microbiota signature in treatment-naïve attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Gut microbiota signature in treatment-naïve attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Impact on the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children

Association Between Allergic Diseases and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms in Children Aged 6–12 Years Using the Filipino Version of the Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale

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