Current epidemiological trends for Chagas disease in Latin America and future challenges in epidemiology, surveillance and health policy

Moncayo, Álvaro; Silveira, Antônio Carlos

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762009000900005

Cited by 443 publications

(392 citation statements)

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“…Triatomines, also known as conenose bugs, kissing bugs, or assassin bugs, are insects found throughout the Americas, distributed from the Southern part of the United States of America to Southern Argentina (1) . These insects are of great importance to public health as they are involved in transmission of South American trypanosomiasis, also called Chagas' disease (2) in honor of Carlos Chagas who fi rst described this disease in 1909 (1) (3) (4) .…”

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First report of Rhodnius montenegrensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the State of Acre, Brazil

Meneguetti

Tojal

Miranda

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: This paper reports, for the fi rst time, the presence of Rhodnius montenegrensis in the State of Acre, Brazil. Methods: Two female R. montenegrensis were collected in a dwelling in the rural area of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Results: The occurrence of this species was confi rmed, and the number of Triatominae species in the State of Acre increased from four to fi ve. Conclusions: Further studies should be performed to reach a clearer understanding of the ecology of this arthropod, its possible role in transmitting Chagas' disease and rangeliosis, and its current geographical distribution in the region.

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“…These insects are of great importance to public health as they are involved in transmission of South American trypanosomiasis, also called Chagas' disease (2) in honor of Carlos Chagas who fi rst described this disease in 1909 (1) (3) (4) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Rhodnius montenegrensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the State of Acre, Brazil

Meneguetti

Tojal

Miranda

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…Sylvatic triatomines may occasionally invade human residences, acting as founders of new colonies (Fitzpatrick et al 2008). Hence, it is necessary to study the ecology and behavior of their populations to understand the domiciliation process and generate new strategies for their control (Beard et al 2002, Guhl et al 2009, Moncayo & Silveira 2009). …”

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Sylvatic foci of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in Chile: description of a new focus and challenges for control programs

Bacigalupo¹,

Torres-Pérez

Segovia³

et al. 2010

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomine insect vectors, affects about 10 million people worldwide (Schmunis 2000) and is the third most important global parasitic disease after malaria and schistosomiasis (World Bank 1993). Because of effective vector control campaigns, the number of acute cases has decreased markedly and has been reduced to nearly zero in previously highly endemic areas of Uruguay, Chile and Brazil (Schofield et al. 2006).The Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans (Klug 1834) was historically considered an e�clusively do-) was historically considered an e�clusively domestic insect, but it has now been reported in sylvan environments (Noireau et al. 2005, Noireau 2009). The first sylvatic population of T. infestans was reported in Cochabamba, Bolivia, inhabiting rock piles associated with wild guinea pigs (Torrico 1946). Other reports have shown T. infestans in Argentina (Mazza & Schreiber 1938, Mazza 1943, Ceballos et al. 2009), Paraguay (Velasquez & González 1959 and Brazil (Barretto et al. 1963) under rocks or trunks of fallen trees, in hollow trees, under bark, in shelters or burrows of marsupials and rodents and in bird nests occupied by owls, parrots or small rodents (Noireau et al. 1997). Wild T. infestans has been found in an e�tended geographical region throughout Chaco and three Andean departments of Bolivia: Cochabamba, La Paz and Potosí (Noireau et al. 1999, Cortez et al. 2007. T. infestans was considered to be eradicable due to its strictly domestic behavior and its non-autochthonous status outside of its apparent centre of origin in the Andean valleys of Bolivia. This theory has been challenged by empirical evidence of wild individuals collected by vector control programs and researchers over several decades (Gürtler 2009). Sylvatic triatomines may occasionally invade human residences, acting as founders of new colonies (Fitzpatrick et al. 2008). Hence, it is necessary to study the ecology and behavior of their populations to understand the domiciliation process and generate new strategies for their control (Beard et al. 2002, Guhl et al. 2009, Moncayo & Silveira 2009).In Chile, parasite transmission from vectors to humans occurs mainly in rural and suburban areas encompassing the northern desert and semiarid and Mediterranean environments, between latitudes 18°30'S and 34°36'S. The triatomine insects T. infestans, Mepraia spinolai (Porter 1934) and Mepraia gajardoi are the vector species that have been reported in that area (Spinola 1852, Neghme 1982, Lent et al. 1994, Frias et al. 1998.In 1991, several countries of South America, including Chile, established the Southern Cone Initiative for control of Chagas disease (INCOSUR-Chagas), which provided united strategy, control actions and an information system used to evaluate local control programs (Silveira 2002). The specific aims of the initiative were the following: (i) the elimination of T. infestans from dwellings and their surroundings in endemic areas, (ii) the reduction an...

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“…T. cruzi is geographically restricted to the Americas and occurs primarily in Latin America, where it is endemic (Moncayo & Silveira 2009). Its paleodistribution was also constrained to the New World, comprising the Andean area, a small region in the Brazilian savannah and part of the Chihuahuan Desert in North America (Fig.…”

Section: A Brief History Of Studies On Protozoa In Ancient Remainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on protozoa in ancient remains - A Review

Frías

Leles

Araújo

2013

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Since the beginning of the last century, paleoparasitology has been focused on understanding the origin and evolution of infectious diseases, relying on archaeological and paleontological material to do so. A wide diversity of intestinal parasites has been retrieved from ancient remains, primarily from helminths (Gonçalves et al. 2003). However, although protozoa exhibit a global distribution, they are not recovered easily from archaeological contexts. This scarcity might be related to difficulties in detecting these organisms using traditional optical microscopy and to the sensitivity of parasitic structures, which are less resistant to taphonomic processes, leading to a low estimation of protozoa in the archaeological record.This literature review aims to identify and summarise the geographic distribution of protozoa in the archaeological record, with an emphasis on protozoa associated with humans, including both intestinal and tissue parasites and the methodologies used to study them in ancient remains. An electronic database search was performed targeting studies on protozoa in the fields of paleoparasitology, archaeology and paleopathology and authors showing previous research efforts on this subject. The search comprised all publications found on this topic in PubMed and ScienceDirect and their bibliographies were screened as well. The data extracted from the literature included parasite species, archaeological sites and dates, the methods applied and the results of the studies. There were no exclusions related to publication dates or languages. Methodological approaches to the identification of protozoaAlthough macroscopic examinations of lesions are generally limited to making observations of body preservation and the presence of specific landmarks, this technique is the most direct way of approaching disease in archaeological remains. For example, Chagas disease was diagnosed based on an altered large intestinal tract in a pre-Columbian mummy and later confirmed via molecular biological methods (Dittmar et al. 2003). However, this finding was exceptional, as the majority of infectious diseases will not be detected using such methodology. Consulting historical documents provides an indirect method for approximating protozoan infections. By reviewing medical documents, autopsy reports and original death certificates recorded by court physicians, Gino Fornaciari et al. (2010a, b) reconstructed the medical history of one of the most influential families of the Italian Renaissance, the Medici (Nerlich et al. 2012).In a similar manner, the origin of leishmaniasis in the Americas was discussed based on ethno-historical documents and anthropomorphic representations on Mochica ceramics (huacos) showing lesions similar to those found in mucous leishmaniasis (Altamirano-Enciso et al. 2003).Microscopy has been the traditional method for parasite identification in paleoparasitological analyses and the first protozoa found in fossilised faeces (coprolites) were described using this technique (Pizzi & Schenone 1954...

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Current epidemiological trends for Chagas disease in Latin America and future challenges in epidemiology, surveillance and health policy

Cited by 443 publications

References 25 publications

First report of Rhodnius montenegrensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the State of Acre, Brazil

First report of Rhodnius montenegrensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the State of Acre, Brazil

Sylvatic foci of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in Chile: description of a new focus and challenges for control programs

Studies on protozoa in ancient remains - A Review

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