A presente revisão objetivou descrever um histórico da busca de fármacos para tratamento da Tripanossomíase Americana, e sua situação atual. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida através de revisão bibliográfica do tipo exploratória, retrospectiva e descritiva baseada em livros e pesquisa de artigos em base de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e National Institute of Health (PUBMED), utilizando os descritores: Tripanossomíase Americana, tratamento e perspectivas. Já se passaram mais de 100 anos da descoberta da doença de Chagas, e até hoje não foi desenvolvido nenhum fármaco com potencial satisfatório de cura. O medicamento ainda utilizado é o benzonidazol, utilizado em combinação com outros medicamentos. Entre os quimioterápicos o Posaconazol, é o mais forte candidato para novos tratamentos específicos da doença e, entre os fitoterápicos, citamse as espécies Banisteriopsis caapi e Psychotria viridis, utilizadas na região amazônica como alternativa.

Introduction: This paper reports, for the first time, the presence of the Eratyrus mucronatus species in the State of Rondonia, Brazil. Methods: These specimens were caught by chance in the forest and later they were collected using luminous traps. Results: After finding these specimens, the number of the Triatominae genera in Rondonia rose to four, while its species rose to seven. Conclusions: Complimentary studies will be conducted in order to allow for clearer understanding the ecology of this arthropod, its possible role in transmitting Chagas' disease and its current geographical distribution.

Rhodnius montenegrensis was described in 2012. Since then, reports of the occurrence of this species associated with palm trees near households in Rondônia have been published. This study aimed to analyze the natural infection of R. montenegrensis with trypanosomatids in the municipality of Monte Negro, Rondônia, Brazilian western Amazon. Capture of triatomines occurred in Attalea speciosa (babassu) specimens around households. Twelve of the 72 captured triatomines were identified by morphological and morphometric characters, by molecular analysis made using the PCR, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. The intestinal content was collected from 60 of these 72 specimens. The positivity for trypanosomatids was confirmed by examining the intestinal content followed by PCR amplification of the cathepsin L-like gene specific for Trypanosoma cruzi (PCR-DTcrCatL) and Trypanosoma rangeli (PCR-DTraCatL). Of the 60 specimens analyzed by microscopy, 22 (36.7%) were positive for trypanosomatids in the intestinal content analysis. Of these 22 specimens of R. montenegrensis, 16 (72.7%) were infected with T. cruzi, 2 (9.1%) were infected with T. rangeli, 2 (9.1%) had mixed infection with T. cruzi and T. rangeli, and 2 were negative (9.1%). These data suggest the need for attention of the health surveillance system of Chagas disease in the State of Rondônia, as this study points out to another potential vector of the disease.

Introduction: This paper reports, for the fi rst time, the presence of Rhodnius montenegrensis in the State of Acre, Brazil. Methods: Two female R. montenegrensis were collected in a dwelling in the rural area of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Results: The occurrence of this species was confi rmed, and the number of Triatominae species in the State of Acre increased from four to fi ve. Conclusions: Further studies should be performed to reach a clearer understanding of the ecology of this arthropod, its possible role in transmitting Chagas' disease and rangeliosis, and its current geographical distribution in the region.

Introduction: This study reports for the fi rst time the infection of Rhodnius montenegrensis by Trypanosoma rangeli. Methods: The triatomines were manually collected in Attalea speciosa in the municipality of Buritis, Rondônia. The identifi cation of the trypanosomatid species was confi rmed by multiplex PCR. Results: All of the collected triatomines were R. montenegrensis. The analysis confi rmed that all of the adults were infected with the epimastigote form of T. rangeli. Conclusions: This report of a new vector of T. rangeli raises a warning for the State of Rondônia because the simultaneous presence of T. rangeli with T. cruzi in the same geographic region enables the occurrence of mixed infections in hosts and vectors, which complicates the differential diagnosis.

Introduction:Maytenus guianensis is a member of the Celastraceae family that is used in traditional medicine, particularly for its anti-parasitic and anti-cancer effects. To explore the ethnopharmacological potential of this plant, the present study was designed to screen the in vitro antileishmanial activities of extracts and compounds isolated from M. guianensis. Methods: Maytenus guianensis stems and leaves were extracted in acetone, followed by the preparation of eluates and isolation of secondary metabolites using chromatography on a glass column with silica gel as the fixed phase. The chemical components were identified using spectroscopic methods, including one-and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen-1 and carbon-13, mass spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The anti-Leishmania amazonensis activities of these eluates and compounds were evaluated by direct promastigote counting and viability assays. Results: It was found that the hexane bark eluate produced the strongest anti-L. amazonensis effect, with 90-100% inhibition of the promastigote form. The isolated metabolite that produced the best result was tingenone B, followed by a compound formed by the union of tingenone and tingenone B (80-90% inhibition). Conclusions: Maytenus guianensis shows anti-parasite activity that warrants further investigation to determine the mechanisms underlying this antileishmanial effect and to evaluate the pharmacological potential of these eluates and isolated secondary metabolites, while minimizing any adverse effects.

A preocupação em buscar novos fármacos para o tratamento da leishmaniose é cada vez maior em virtude da toxicidade dos existentes e do aumento da resistência do parasito, o que representa uma ameaça ao controle da doença. O presente estudo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as plantas da Amazônia brasileira com potencial atividade leishmanicida in vitro. Constatouse uma grande diversidade de espécies vegetais da Amazônia brasileira com potencial para a investigação de novos fitoterápicos e metabólitos secundários com ação leishmanicida, além do tratamento de outras parasitoses negligenciadas. A presente revisão demonstrou que as espécies dos gêneros Casearia, Croton e Physalis são fortes candidatas para busca de novos fármacos, visto que apresentaram um IC50 menor que 1?g/mL em testes in vitro contra as formas promastigotas ou amastigotas de Leishmania spp. Ressalta-se a importância de estudos futuros sobre espécies que apresentem metabólitos terpenoides ou esteroides em virtude do potencial leishmanicida que têm demonstrado.

DESCRITORES Fungos Infecção hospitalar Infecções Oportunistas KEYWORDS Fungi Cross Infection Opportunistic fungiJustificativa e Objetivos: O meio aéreo interno hospitalar tem grande relação com as infecções hospitalares fúngicas, neste sentido o objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar a presença de fungos anemófilos em um dos Hospitais da cidade de Ariquemes -RO. Métodos: Coletou-se amostras de ar, em placas de Petri abertas, entre 15 a 30 minutos contendo o meio de cultura universal para fungos e leveduras no período da manhã e da tarde, em outubro de 2012 nos setores do centro cirúrgico, central de materiais, sala de pequenas cirurgias, posto de enfermagem e sala de internação Clínica. As colônias isoladas passaram por análises macroscópicas e posteriormente pela técnica de microcultivo para evidenciar a presença de organismos anemófilos patogênicos. Resultados: Isolou-se 50 colônias e identificou-se 12 gêneros fúngicos. Conclusão:Em todos os setores observou-se a presença de fungos, o que evidencia a necessidade de monitoramento microbiológico, principalmente salas de prioridade de profilaxia de infecção. Backgound and Objectives:The hospital internal air environment is strongly associated with nosocomial fungal infections.In order to investigate the presence of hospital airborne fungi in one of the hospitals in the town of Ariquemes, Rondônia, air samples were collected in open Petri dishes between 15 to 30 minutes, containing the universal culture medium for fungi and yeasts: Saboraund agar, in the morning and afternoon, during October 2012 in the Surgical Center, Materials Center, Minor Surgery Room, Nursing Station and Hospital Admission Room. The isolated colonies underwent macroscopic analysis and subsequently the microculture technique to demonstrate the presence of airborne pathogens. Fifty colonies were isolated and 12 fungal genera were identified. All sectors showed the presence of fungi, which emphasizes the need for microbiological monitoring, especially in rooms with infection prophylaxis priority. RESUMO ABSTRACT ARTIGO ORIGINAL