Current Contamination Status of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Tapwater from 17 Cities in the Eastern China and Their Correlations with Surface Waters

Tan, Ke-Yan; Lü, Gongxuan; Piao, Hai-Tao; Chen, Shu; Jiao, X.C.; Gai, Nan; Yamazaki, Eriko; Yamashita, Nobuyoshi; Pan, Jianguo; Yang, Yongliang

doi:10.1007/s00128-017-2109-3

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and PFBA were the dominant PFAS, accounting for 23%, 16%, 15%, and 11% of the ΣPFAS, respectively. The PFAS concentrations in the tap water used for irrigation were comparable to those collected from other locations in Japan, as reported previously [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Evaluating the Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Rice Paddy Lysimeter with an Andosol

Eun

Yamazaki

Taniyasu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The properties of potential emerging persistent contaminants, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in an andosol rice paddy lysimeter were analyzed to determine their mobility and leaching behavior regarding carbon chain length and functional groups. For this purpose, simulated contaminated water (ΣPFAS = 1,185,719 ng/L) was used in the lysimeter. The results showed that PFAS distribution in the paddy soil lysimeter was influenced by the migration of these substances into irrigation water and their adsorption into the soil. PFHxS (C6) and PFOS (C8), which are the main components of the simulated contaminated water, were mostly captured in the soil layers of the low-humic andosol layer (0–35 cm). PFAS distribution may depend on soil properties, such as total carbon (TC) content. Compared with perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), the distribution of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in soil showed significant variation. The remaining PFCAs were distributed across all layers of the lysimeter, except for the longer-chain PFCAs. Moreover, the PFSA distribution was directly correlated with the carbon chain number, whereby longer- and shorter-chain PFSAs accumulated in the top and bottom soil layers, respectively. This study provides detailed information on the distribution, leaching, uptake, and accumulation of individual PFAS in andosol paddy fields in Japan.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Evaluating the Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Rice Paddy Lysimeter with an Andosol

Eun

Yamazaki

Taniyasu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…This is the first comprehensive study reviewing the PFAS levels in Chinese drinking water and assessing the associated heath risk. PFASs have been frequently detected in drinking water across China, sometimes at high concentrations [63]. The results showed that PFOA, PFOS and PFBA were the dominant PFAS species in Chinese drinking water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution

Liu

Huang

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Eur

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Background In recent years, the widespread presence of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment and the related exposures and adverse health effects has received increasing attention. However, PFASs are not routinely monitored in drinking water in many parts of the world, including China. PFAS data are mainly generated by research studies. This paper provides an overview of the available research studies on PFASs in Chinese drinking water to better understand the current status of PFAS contamination and the potential for exposure. Results The available studies provided PFAS data from 526 drinking water samples across 66 cities in China with a total of approximately 452 million inhabitants. We mapped the risk distribution associated with PFAS-contaminated drinking water in China by comparing the measured levels with recent international guidelines. The PFAS concentrations reported in more than 20% of the studied cities, likely affecting 98.5 million people, were above the maximum contaminant level issued by Vermont in 2019. Furthermore, we also investigated the human exposure to PFASs in drinking water by estimating total daily intakes based on Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population. This study revealed that East China and the Southwest regions posed a relatively higher risk to the Chinese population and some cities in the Yangtze River basin such as Zigong, Jiujiang, Lianyungang and a considerable share of other cities have exceeded the health-based guidelines issued by EU and US agencies. Conclusion Drinking water in many cities and regions in China is contaminated with PFASs at levels of concern. PFAS elimination of PFASs from drinking water in contaminated cities and affected regions in China is urgently needed. PFAS releases from industries and other sources need better control and reduction. Further monitoring in remote Chinese regions is needed to overcome the knowledge gaps for a more comprehensive understanding of population exposure. The current risk assessment of PFASs in China should be re-evaluated considering the most recent toxicological studies, to clarify if the guidelines need to be lowered as recently done in Europe and the United States. This is necessary to have the best national base for risk assessment and a science-based driver for countermeasures.

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“…The detected concentrations of PFASs were generally lower than previous reports in China, possibly due to the fact that the drinking water samples collected were not tap water but purified or bottled water (Table S6). 25,39 It is quite surprising that 6:2 Cl-PFESA was present in the drinking water at a level slightly higher than that of PFOS. Although Cl-PFESAs have been detected in river water, lake water, and even marine water, 40,41 this is the first observation of its presence in drinking water, implying its prevalent contamination and potential human exposure.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Indirect Contribution from Precursors to Human Body Burden of Legacy PFASs Based on Paired Blood and One-Week Duplicate Diet

Feng

Sun

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The restriction on legacy perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has led to increasing application and contamination of their precursors and novel alternatives. However, the indirect contribution from precursors has not been well characterized. In this study, 24 PFASs were measured in the paired human blood and urine from general volunteers (n = 20), as well as their corresponding exposure matrices (7 day duplicate diet, drinking water and dust). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was predominant, followed by 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), contributing 21.6–47.0 and 6.6–20.0% of the total concentrations, respectively. Total oxidable precursor (TOP) assay and isomeric analysis coupled with a toxicokinetic model suggested that around 19% of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in human was contributed by its precursors. The strong correlation between the estimated daily intake (EDI) and human blood concentration for 6:2 Cl-PFESA suggested that it was mainly contributed by direct exposure. The bioavailability of 6:2 Cl-PFESA in the food matrices was estimated as 18.6% by comparing the estimated and measured blood concentrations, implying that human exposure might be overestimated if the bioavailability of PFASs in food was not considered. Assuming that they had a similar bioavailability, it was estimated that ca. 20% of PFOS body burden was from indirect exposure to its precursors, which was supported by TOP assay.

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Current Contamination Status of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Tapwater from 17 Cities in the Eastern China and Their Correlations with Surface Waters

Cited by 32 publications

References 19 publications

Evaluating the Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Rice Paddy Lysimeter with an Andosol

Evaluating the Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Rice Paddy Lysimeter with an Andosol

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution

Quantifying Indirect Contribution from Precursors to Human Body Burden of Legacy PFASs Based on Paired Blood and One-Week Duplicate Diet

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